{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:54:25Z","timestamp":1790373265784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>lato<\/jats:italic>, carried by <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> ticks, is one of the most significant human pathogens, causing Lyme disease. As there is no standardized PCR method for detection and identification of spirochaete DNA, we carried out a comparative analysis using a set of complementary primers for three regions in the genomic DNA of these bacteria (genes <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic> and the non-coding <jats:italic>rrs\u2013rrlA<\/jats:italic> region). DNA extracted from 579 <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks was subjected to nested PCR. DNA of the examined spirochaetes was detected in 43 (7.4\u200a%) lysates when the <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic> gene was used as a molecular marker, in 7 (1.2\u200a%) lysates when using primers complementary to the <jats:italic>rrs<\/jats:italic> gene, and in 12 (2.1\u200a%) lysates using primers complementary to the non-coding <jats:italic>rrs\u2013rrlA<\/jats:italic> sequence. RFLP analysis based on the <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic> gene helped identify species from the <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>lato<\/jats:italic> complex (<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic> \n                  <jats:italic>stricto<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia afzelii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia garinii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Borrelia valaisiana<\/jats:italic>), detect co-infections, and also identify <jats:italic>Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>. Therefore, the <jats:italic>fla<\/jats:italic> gene is the most sensitive and specific molecular marker for the detection and identification of <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> spirochaetes in <jats:italic>I. ricinus.<\/jats:italic>\n               <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.013508-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]],"date-time":"2009-12-11T02:29:43Z","timestamp":1260498583000},"page":"309-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A comparative analysis of molecular markers for the detection and identification of Borrelia spirochaetes in Ixodes ricinus"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Wodecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Leo\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogumi\u0142a","family":"Skotarczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Laboratory aspects of tick-borne diseases: lyme, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and babesiosis","volume":"70","author":"Aguero-Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"167","article-title":"Single-step polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi and the genome species in the Ixodes ricinus tick","volume":"48","author":"Basta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease \u2013 a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"90","article-title":"Rate of infection of Ixodes ricinus ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii , Borrelia afzelii and group VS116 in an endemic focus of Lyme disease in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Cinco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R5","first-page":"127","article-title":"Risk of tick-borne bacterial diseases among workers of Roztocze National Park (south-eastern Poland)","volume":"12","author":"Cisak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3308-3312.2002","article-title":"Determination of novel Borrelia genospecies in Swedish Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"40","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.7.610","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with Lyme disease by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"44","author":"Guy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1714-1718.2000","article-title":"Conservation and heterogeneity of vlsE among human and tick isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"68","author":"Iyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R9","first-page":"593","article-title":"The polymerase chain reaction evaluation of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA presence in peripheral blood of patients with Lyme disease","volume":"17","author":"Kondrusik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2557-2562.2000","article-title":"Differentiation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato on the basis of RNA polymerase gene ( rpoB ) sequences","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2572-2583.2002","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the outer surface protein C gene of southern Borrelia isolates and its possible epidemiological, clinical, and pathogenetic implications","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.565-569.1999","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease patients as determined by culture versus direct PCR with clinical specimens","volume":"37","author":"Liveris","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-003-0428-8","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdoferi : etiopathogenetic relevance and clinical implications","volume":"62","author":"L\u00fcnemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5410","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00116-09","article-title":"A new borrelia species defined by multilocus sequence analysis of housekeeping genes","volume":"75","author":"Margos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.850","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in yellow-necked mice and feeding Ixodes ricinus ticks in a forest habitat of west central Poland","volume":"42","author":"Michalik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.1.99-114.1992","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction primers and probes derived from flagellin gene sequences for specific detection of the agents of Lyme disease and North American relapsing fever","volume":"30","author":"Picken","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691317","article-title":"Single-tube nested polymerase chain reaction assay based on flagellin gene sequences for detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"15","author":"Picken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26728-0","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the channel-forming protein P13 and its paralogue family 48 from different Lyme disease Borrelia species","volume":"150","author":"Pinne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1444-1449.2004","article-title":"Identification of three clinically relevant Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies by PCR \u2013 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S-23S ribosomal DNA spacer amplicons","volume":"42","author":"Ranka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5275","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5275-5285.1998","article-title":"Molecular analysis of sequence heterogeneity among genes encoding binding proteins A and B of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"66","author":"Roberts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.6.1018","article-title":"A specific and sensitive assay for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"160","author":"Rosa","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.12.3096-3108.1993","article-title":"Distribution and molecular analysis of Lyme disease spirochetes, Borrelia burgdorferi , isolated from ticks throughout California","volume":"31","author":"Schwan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.174.11.3757-3765.1992","article-title":"rRNA gene organization in the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"174","author":"Schwartz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R24","first-page":"47","article-title":"Detection and genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"41","author":"\u0160itum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"R25","volume-title":"Polish Ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Part I. General Problems. Parasitologic Monographs","author":"Siuda","year":"1991"},{"key":"R26","first-page":"73","article-title":"Sensitivity of PCR method for detection of DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in different isolates","volume":"56","author":"Skotarczak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Przegl Epidemiol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.17221\/1975-VETMED","article-title":"Coexistence of tick-borne pathogens in game animals and ticks in western Poland","volume":"53","author":"Skotarczak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006313803979","article-title":"Molecular detection of pathogen DNA in ticks ( Acari: Ixodidae ): a review","volume":"23","author":"Sparagano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"R29","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks ( Acari , Ixodidae ) in different Polish woodlands","volume":"6","author":"Sta\u0144czak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.3.768-776.1998","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting analysis","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.633","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(00)00155-8","article-title":"Two distinct ospA genes among Borrelia valaisiana strains","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"171","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in Ixodes ricinus ticks in north-western Poland","volume":"10","author":"Wodecka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"R34","first-page":"231","article-title":"Significance of red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in the ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"53","author":"Wodecka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410026059","article-title":"First isolation of Borrelia lusitaniae DNA from Ixodes ricinus ticks in Poland","volume":"37","author":"Wodecka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1993.tb01723.x","article-title":"Organization of ribosomal RNA genes in Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated from Ixodes ovatus in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.013508-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T14:23:05Z","timestamp":1601475785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.013508-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.013508-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}}}