{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:07:32Z","timestamp":1792098452889,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteraemia in children is a potentially life-threatening condition. The objective of this study was to determine trends in the aetiology of bacteraemia in children aged 1 month\u201315 years in England and Wales by collecting data voluntarily reported by National Health Service hospital microbiology laboratories. Over the 10-year period 1998\u20132007, a total of 51\u200a788 bacteraemia cases involving 105 genera\/species of bacteria were reported. Total annual reports of bacteraemia increased from 4125 to 6916, with a mean increase of 6.5\u200a% per year (95\u200a% CI: 1.3\u201312.1\u200a%). In 2007, just over half the cases were accounted for by four groups of organisms: coagulase-negative staphylococci (28\u200a%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (10\u200a%), non-pyogenic streptococci (9\u200a%) and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (7\u200a%). These organisms along with a further 13 species\/genera accounted for 90\u200a% of the cases. The commonest Gram-negative organisms were <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, which each accounted for 5\u200a% of total bacteraemia reports in 2007. There was a significant decrease in reports of bacteraemia due to the three vaccine-preventable pathogens <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Strep. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, following the introduction of each vaccine programme or catch-up campaign. This study identified the commonest causes of bacteraemia in children in England and Wales, and highlighted the shifts in trends observed over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.015271-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,3]],"date-time":"2009-11-03T22:57:02Z","timestamp":1257289022000},"page":"213-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The changing aetiology of paediatric bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1998\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berit","family":"Muller-Pebody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Charlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Modelling and Bioinformatics, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute for Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Sharland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) for children factsheet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Department of Health"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1086\/505096","article-title":"Risk factors for nosocomial primary bloodstream infection in pediatric intensive care unit patients: a 2-year prospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Elward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020956","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infections in children and adolescents in southern Israel: a 10-year prospective study (1992\u20132001","volume":"37","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1489-7","article-title":"A 7-year study of bloodstream infections in an English children's hospital","volume":"163","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R5","article-title":"Health and Social Care Information Centre","year":"2009"},{"key":"R6","article-title":"APICA Project: Automated Pathology Interface for CoSurv and AmSurv","year":"2008a"},{"key":"R7","article-title":"Reporting to the HPA: a guide for diagnostic laboratories","year":"2008b"},{"key":"R8","volume-title":"Negative Binomial Regression","author":"Hilbe","year":"2008"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.50.1.223","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococci: role as pathogens","volume":"50","author":"Huebner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"R10","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in children in the UK and Ireland","author":"Johnson","year":"2009"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.028712","article-title":"Emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia among children in England and Wales, 1990\u20132001","volume":"89","author":"Khairulddin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318187ad5a","article-title":"The changing burden of pediatric bloodstream infections in Calgary, Canada, 2000\u20132006","volume":"28","author":"Laupland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00299-5","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci","volume":"16","author":"Livermore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1086\/340981","article-title":"& Hospital Infection Surveillance Team","volume":"35","author":"Lyytik\u00e4inen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R15","article-title":"Routine childhood immunisations","year":"2008"},{"key":"R16","article-title":"Mid-2007 UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland","year":"2008"},{"key":"R17","volume-title":"BNF for Children","year":"2008"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp260","article-title":"Voluntary and mandatory surveillance for MRSA and MSSA bacteraemia in England","volume":"64","author":"Pearson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70310-9","article-title":"Infection control in pediatrics","volume":"8","author":"Posfay-Barbe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1086\/501755","article-title":"Nosocomial infections in paediatric patients: a European, multicenter prospective study","volume":"21","author":"Raymond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7229.213","article-title":"Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis","volume":"320","author":"Reacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i15","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm153","article-title":"The use of antibacterials in children: a report of the Specialist Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance (SACAR) Paediatric Subgroup","volume":"60","author":"Sharland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R23","article-title":"Stata Statistical Software Release. 10(1)","year":"2008"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(95)90317-8","article-title":"The origin of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood cultures","volume":"30","author":"Viagappan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200207-682OC","article-title":"The epidemiology of severe sepsis in children in the United States","volume":"167","author":"Watson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.015271-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T14:50:19Z","timestamp":1601477419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.015271-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.015271-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}}}