{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T21:29:39Z","timestamp":1773696579692,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In developing countries, diarrhoeal diseases are one of the major causes of death in children under 5 years of age. It is known that diarrhoeagenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (DEC) is an important aetiological agent of infantile diarrhoea in Nicaragua. However, there are no recent studies on antimicrobial resistance among intestinal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates in Nicaraguan children. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern in a collection of 727 intestinal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from the faeces of children in Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua, between March 2005 and September 2006. All samples had been screened previously for the presence of DEC by multiplex PCR. Three hundred and ninety-five non-DEC isolates (270 from children with diarrhoea and 125 from children without diarrhoea) and 332 DEC isolates (241 from children with diarrhoea and 91 from children without diarrhoea) were analysed in this study. In general, antimicrobial resistance among the 727 intestinal <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates was high for ampicillin (60\u200a%), trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole (64\u200a%) and chloramphenicol (11\u200a%). Among individual <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> categories, enteroaggregative <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from children with and without diarrhoea exhibited significantly higher levels of resistance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05) to ampicillin and trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole compared to the other <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> categories. Resistance to ceftazidime and\/or ceftriaxone and a pattern of multi-resistance was related to CTX-M-5- or CTX-M-15-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. The results suggest that <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates from Nicaraguan children have not reached the high levels of resistance to the most common antibiotics used for diarrhoea treatment as in other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.020842-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,22]],"date-time":"2010-10-22T04:45:11Z","timestamp":1287722711000},"page":"216-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antibiotic resistance patterns of intestinal Escherichia coli isolates from Nicaraguan children"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Erick","family":"Amaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN), Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN), Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN), Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN), Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"M\u00f6llby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl Erik","family":"Nord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.12.040","article-title":"Commensals upon us","volume":"71","author":"Alekshun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.051258","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant commensal Escherichia coli in children, Peru and Bolivia","volume":"12","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.050054","article-title":"Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries","volume":"86","author":"Boschi-Pinto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71877-8","article-title":"WHO estimates of the causes of death in children","volume":"365","author":"Bryce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5","volume-title":"Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically ; Approved Standard M7-A7","year":"2006"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important \u03b2 -lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"Dallenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.07.010","article-title":"Infectious diseases and the use of antibiotics in outpatients at the emergency department of the University Hospital of Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua","volume":"13","author":"den Engelsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(07)72174-X","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"29","author":"Denton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn108","article-title":"High rate of resistance to locally used antibiotics among enteric bacteria from children in Northern Ghana","volume":"61","author":"Djie-Maletz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0142","article-title":"Travelers' diarrhea: antimicrobial therapy and chemoprevention","volume":"2","author":"DuPont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050192","article-title":"Drug-resistant diarrheogenic Escherichia coli , Mexico","volume":"11","author":"Estrada-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01943-07","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum \u03b2 -lactamases among Escherichia coli isolates collected in a Swedish hospital and its associated health care facilities from 2001 to 2006","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2005.08.002","article-title":"Current concepts in the evaluation, diagnosis and management of acute infectious diarrhea","volume":"5","author":"Gadewar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.06.016","article-title":"The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance","volume":"32","author":"Gould","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(09)70549-7","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: the perfect storm","volume":"34","author":"Gould","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R17","first-page":"169","article-title":"Prevalence of enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhoea in Esteli, Nicaragua","volume":"11","author":"Mayatepek","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Diarrhoeal Dis Res"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp178","article-title":"Evolution of antimicrobial resistance in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli causing traveller's diarrhoea","volume":"64","author":"Mendez Arancibia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.816-819.2005","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella strains isolated from children in Hanoi","volume":"49","author":"Nguyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.296","article-title":"High frequency of antimicrobial drug resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in infants in Peru","volume":"81","author":"Ochoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"568","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries","volume":"5","author":"Okeke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Part II: strategies for containment. Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2005.12.008","article-title":"A millennium update on pediatric diarrheal illness in the developing world","volume":"16","author":"O'Ryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.12.4556-4561.2004","article-title":"Detection of CTX-M-type \u03b2 -lactamase genes in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy children in Bolivia and Peru","volume":"48","author":"Pallecchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00026-07","article-title":"Rapid dissemination and diversity of CTX-M extended-spectrum \u03b2 -lactamase genes in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy children from low-resource settings in Latin America","volume":"51","author":"Pallecchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.6.1404-1410.1997","article-title":"Analysis of incidence of infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a prospective cohort study of infant diarrhea in Nicaragua","volume":"35","author":"Paniagua","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2006.05.238","article-title":"Resistance in gram-negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"34","author":"Paterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.003","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M \u03b2 -lactamases: the worldwide emergence of clone ST131 O25\u200a:\u200aH4","volume":"35","author":"Peirano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2165\/11533040-000000000-00000","article-title":"Infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae: changing epidemiology and drug treatment choices","volume":"70","author":"Pitout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70041-0","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2 -lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern","volume":"8","author":"Pitout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5715","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5715-5721.2004","article-title":"Phenotypic and molecular detection of CTX-M- \u03b2 -lactamases produced by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp","volume":"42","author":"Pitout","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-8-34","article-title":"The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons among commensal Escherichia coli isolates from infants and elderly persons","volume":"8","author":"Sepp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15599-2","article-title":"Diarrhoea in children: an interface between developing and developed countries","volume":"363","author":"Thapar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.5.833","article-title":"Current concepts in antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2007.715","article-title":"Characterization of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains isolated from hospital environments in Algeria","volume":"13","author":"Touati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-11-996","article-title":"Susceptibility patterns of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli associated with traveller's diarrhoea: emergence of quinolone resistance","volume":"50","author":"Vila","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007369-0","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Le\u00f3n, Nicaragua","volume":"58","author":"Vilchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01869.x","article-title":"Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in South America","volume":"14","author":"Villegas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.020842-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T18:25:55Z","timestamp":1601576755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.020842-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.020842-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]}}}