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Inhalation of endospores within 1\u2005\u03bcm or 12\u2005\u03bcm particle aerosols resulted in a median lethal dose of 2432 and 7656 c.f.u., respectively. Initial involvement of the upper respiratory tract lymph nodes was observed in 75\u201383\u200a% of mice exposed to either the 1\u2005\u03bcm or 12\u2005\u03bcm particle inhalational infections. Lung deposition was significantly greater after inhalation of the 1\u2005\u03bcm particle aerosol with pronounced involvement of the mediastinal lymph node. Gastrointestinal involvement was observed only in mice exposed to 12\u2005\u03bcm particle aerosols where bacteriological and histopathological analysis indicated primary gastritis (17\u200a%), activation of the Peyer's patches (72\u200a%) and colonization and necrosis of the mesenteric lymph nodes (67\u200a%). Terminal disease was characterized by bacteraemia in both inhalational infections with preferential dissemination to spleen, liver, kidneys and thymus. Immunization with 1\u2005\u03bcg recombinant protective antigen vaccine was equally efficacious against <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic> infections arising from the inhalation of 1 and 12\u2005\u03bcm particle aerosols, providing 73\u201380\u200a% survival under a suboptimum immunization schedule.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.024117-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,27]],"date-time":"2010-08-27T03:37:37Z","timestamp":1282880257000},"page":"1415-1427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influence of particle size on the pathology and efficacy of vaccination in a murine model of inhalational anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carwyn","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Flick-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Eastaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Smither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Gates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Oyston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence, Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2527","article-title":"Gastrointestinal anthrax: review of the literature","volume":"163","author":"Beatty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.36.3.1160-1167.1982","article-title":"Experimental Yersinia pestis infection in rodents after intragastric inoculation and ingestion of bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7994","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7994","article-title":"Lung dendritic cells rapidly mediate anthrax spore entry through the pulmonary route","volume":"178","author":"Cleret","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.5.1.77-82.1972","article-title":"Experimental tularaemia in Macaca mulatta : relationship of aerosol particle size to the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis","volume":"5","author":"Day","year":"1972","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400015795","article-title":"Studies on respiratory infection. 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