{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:59:03Z","timestamp":1790074743708,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The unpredictable characteristics of meningococcal disease (MD) make outbreaks complicated to monitor and consequently lead to high levels of public anxiety. Traditional molecular techniques have been utilized in order to understand better the epidemiology of MD, but some have disadvantages such as being highly specialized and labour-intensive, with low reproducibility. Some of these problems have been overcome by using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). This technique exploits the unambiguous nature and electronic portability of nucleotide sequencing data for the characterization of micro-organisms. The need for enhanced surveillance of MD after the introduction of serogroup C conjugate vaccines means that it is important to gain typing information from the infecting organism in the absence of a culture isolate. Here, the application of MLST for the laboratory confirmation and characterization of <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> directly from clinical samples is described. This involved using a newly designed set of primers that were complementary to nucleotide sequences external to the existing MLST primers already in use for culture-based MLST of meningococci. This combination has produced a highly sensitive procedure to allow the efficient genotypic characterization of meningococci directly from clinical samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05078-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,15]],"date-time":"2003-05-15T00:04:17Z","timestamp":1052957057000},"page":"505-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Nucleotide sequence-based typing of meningococci directly from clinical samples"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mathew A.","family":"Diggle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, House on the Hill, Stobhill Hospital, Balornock Road, Glasgow G21 3UW, UK 2Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK#dReceived 19 September 2002 Accepted 25 February 2003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, House on the Hill, Stobhill Hospital, Balornock Road, Glasgow G21 3UW, UK 2Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK#dReceived 19 September 2002 Accepted 25 February 2003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, House on the Hill, Stobhill Hospital, Balornock Road, Glasgow G21 3UW, UK 2Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK#dReceived 19 September 2002 Accepted 25 February 2003"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"H1-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6846.143","article-title":"Early treatment with parenteral penicillin in meningococcal disease","volume":"305","author":"Cartwright","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"H2-10","first-page":"4347","article-title":"Meningococcal disease in Europe: epidemiology, mortality, and prevention with conjugate vaccines.Report of a European advisory board meeting Vienna","volume":"Vaccine 19","author":"Cartwright","year":"2001"},{"key":"H3-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:21:3:221","article-title":"Automated PCR\/sequence template purification","volume":"21","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"H4-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1177\/003693300004500301","article-title":"Implications for the serogroup incidence of meningococcal disease after the introduction of the MenC vaccine","volume":"45","author":"Clarke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"H5-10","first-page":"235","article-title":"Enhanced surveillance of meningococcal disease in Scotland","volume":"33","author":"Clarke","year":"1999","journal-title":"SCIEH Wkly Rep"},{"key":"H6-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3066-3071.2001","article-title":"Semiautomation of multilocus sequence typing for the characterization of clinical isolates of Neisseria meningitidis","volume":"39","author":"Clarke","year":"2001a","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"H7-10","first-page":"17","article-title":"Meningococcal disease due to serogroup Y in Scotland, 1992\u20131999","volume":"58","author":"Clarke","year":"2001b","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"H8-10","first-page":"230","article-title":"Automated non-culture-based sequence typing of meningococci from body fluids","volume":"58","author":"Clarke","year":"2001c","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"H9-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.7.556","article-title":"Introduction of an automated service for the laboratory confirmation of meningococcal disease in Scotland","volume":"54","author":"Clarke","year":"2001d","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"H10-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.1.32","article-title":"Laboratory confirmation of meningococcal disease in Scotland, 1993\u20139","volume":"55","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"H11-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001848","article-title":"Is group C meningococcal disease increasing in Europe? 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