{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:05:49Z","timestamp":1791036349777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetracycline resistance is one of the most frequently encountered resistance properties in bacteria of animal origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and diversity of tetracycline resistance (<jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>) genes among <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates from diseased ducks in China and to report the identification and sequencing of the <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M) gene. The susceptibility of 85 <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> strains to tetracyclines was determined by broth microdilution, and the presence of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> genes was investigated by multiplex PCR. All of the 85 isolates were fully resistant to both oxytetracycline and tetracycline, and 76.5\u200a% were resistant to doxycycline. Seventy-seven of the isolates (90.6\u200a%) encoded multiple <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> genes, with 17.6, 38.8 and 34.1\u200a% encoding two, three and four <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> genes, respectively, and only 7.1\u200a% encoded a single <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(A) gene. The MICs of oxytetracycline and tetracycline for all isolates ranged from 16 to \u2265128 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> with a MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> of &gt;128 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, regardless of the type or number of <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> genes encoded. Isolates containing <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M) commonly had more than one <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> gene per strain. The doxycycline resistance rate in the <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M)-positive isolates was significantly higher than in the tet(M)-negative isolates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). A full-length <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M) gene, including the promoter region, was obtained by PCR in seven of the 41 <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M)-positive isolates and was sequenced and cloned. The cloned <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M) gene conferred resistance to tetracyclines in the recombinant <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> host strain. These results revealed that, in these isolates, the prevalence of multiple <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic> genes was strikingly high and that <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>(M) played a role in doxycycline resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.051896-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,9]],"date-time":"2013-03-09T03:18:33Z","timestamp":1362799113000},"page":"851-858","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence of tetracycline resistance genes and identification of tet(M) in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from sick ducks in China"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Gong-Zheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry 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