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Articles were included if the time from device implantation to infection, definite evidence of infection (pocket\/bacteraemia\/endocarditis) and a positive microbiological diagnosis were included. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiology to support a 1 year cut-off between early and late ICED infection. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant causes of ICED infection both within and beyond 1 year of ICED implantation. To further assess the microbiological causes of ICEDs and their implications for pathogenesis a large-scale multi-centre study is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.057042-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,23]],"date-time":"2013-05-23T12:17:58Z","timestamp":1369311478000},"page":"1215-1219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Can implantable cardiac electronic device infections be defined as \u2018early\u2019 or \u2018late\u2019 based on the cause of infection?"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Muzahir H.","family":"Tayebjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor R.","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Sandoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Leeds General Infirmary, Great George Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS1 3EX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181aa6592"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1991.tb05083.x"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.040659"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199411000-00003","article-title":"Pacemaker endocarditis. 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