{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:43:36Z","timestamp":1789868616259,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is an increasingly problematic opportunistic pathogen, with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant isolates of special importance. The mechanisms of virulence are poorly understood, and the current study utilized the invertebrate model <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> to investigate facets of the virulence process. A range of UK clinical isolates and reference strains was assessed in <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic> by measuring survival as an end point. The clinical strains showed a range of virulence, with the majority of strains (68\u200a%) causing greater than 50\u200a% mortality at a challenge dose of 1\u00d710<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> c.f.u. Three additional intermediate read-outs were developed to allow the mechanisms of virulence of <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> to be dissected further. The release of lactate dehydrogenase as a marker of cell damage was the best predictor of virulence. Melanization as a marker of the insect innate immune system and ability to proliferate within <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic> as a marker of immune evasion also broadly correlated with survival but with some notable exceptions. No direct correlation was observed between virulence and either K1 or other defined capsular types, the carriage of defined virulence factors or particular functional phenotypes. Overall, the study showed that <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic> can provide significant insights into the mechanisms of virulence, and that this can be applied to the study of opportunistic human pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.063032-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,3]],"date-time":"2013-09-03T04:10:50Z","timestamp":1378181450000},"page":"1790-1798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Complex interactions of Klebsiella pneumoniae with the host immune system in a Galleria mellonella infection model"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Wand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Microbiology Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W. I.","family":"McCowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Microbiology Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip G.","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Microbiology Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health England, Microbiology Services Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.11.4726-4732.1996","article-title":"Analysis of complement C3 deposition and degradation on Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"64","author":"Albert\u00ed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(90)90047-3","article-title":"The prophenoloxidase cascade in insect immunity","volume":"141","author":"Ashida","year":"1990","journal-title":"Res Immunol"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks228"},{"key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00617.x"},{"key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004982"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00116.x"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1771-1776.1999","article-title":"The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms","volume":"37","author":"Ceri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.52.4.461-466.1946","article-title":"Urea decomposition as a means of differentiating Proteus and paracolon cultures from each other and from Salmonella and Shigella types","volume":"52","author":"Christensen","year":"1946","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2006.02.008"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02302.x","article-title":"The antibacterial effect of attacins from the silk moth Hyalophora cecropia is directed against the outer membrane of Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"1984","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519262"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.52"},{"key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.08.015"},{"key":"r14","article-title":"Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Citrobacter bacteraemia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland: 2007\u20132011","volume":"Vol. 42","year":"2012"},{"key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.24.7126-7134.2001"},{"key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.13.3843-3845.2000"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.040782-0"},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.3.847-852.1995","article-title":"Relationships among capsular structure, phagocytosis, and mouse virulence in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"63","author":"Kabha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.09.002"},{"key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00081-12"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-307"},{"key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2008.08.014"},{"key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2005.06.006"},{"key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01301-09"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110655"},{"key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.4.589","article-title":"Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors","volume":"11","author":"Podschun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(73)90205-8"},{"key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb10979.x"},{"key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026734"},{"key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-11-2825","article-title":"The plcR regulon is involved in the opportunistic properties of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus in mice and insects","volume":"146","author":"Salamitou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01824.x"},{"key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)01895-6"},{"key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90612-9"},{"key":"r34","first-page":"135","article-title":"[Hydrolytic and haemolytic activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca]","volume":"58","author":"Sekowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Dosw Mikrobiol"},{"key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400062690"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(98)80026-5"},{"key":"r37","first-page":"7","article-title":"[Protease activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae of different virulence]","volume":"4","author":"Trishin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol"},{"key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.015198-0"},{"key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-308"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-11"},{"key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.037523-0"},{"key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn396"},{"key":"r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023500"},{"key":"r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.007"},{"key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2010.10.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.063032-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T03:15:10Z","timestamp":1601608510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.063032-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.063032-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]}}}