{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:55:21Z","timestamp":1784933721304,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of pan-resistance in bacterial pathogens poses a threat to human health. Carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> has emerged as a serious challenge, causing nosocomial infection and community-acquired outbreaks in hospitals globally, including in Pakistan. We collected 90 <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic> isolates from patients with secondary or nosocomial infections from different hospitals in Pakistan and screened for carbapenem-resistant strains. Of the 90 isolates, 59 were resistant to carbapenems. Among oxacillinase -encoding genes, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>OXA-51<\/jats:sub>-like was common in all isolates, including in combination with <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>OXA-23<\/jats:sub>-like in 14 isolates; however, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>OXA-24<\/jats:sub>-like and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>OXA-58<\/jats:sub>-like were completely absent. Among metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-encoding genes, only <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>NDM-1<\/jats:sub> was found in one isolate, while the other three genes, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>IMP<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>VIM<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>SIM,<\/jats:sub> were completely absent. None of the isolates was found to harbour the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> gene. The isolates were also tested for susceptibilities to a panel of different antibiotics belonging to several classes. Of all the drugs tested, tigecycline was the most effective with 80\u200a% sensitivity amongst isolates, followed by colistin with 50\u200a% sensitivity. Three categories of resistance were found in these isolates: extreme drug resistance in 26, pan-drug resistance in 19 and multidrug resistance in 87 isolates. The isolates exhibited a high resistance to cephalosporins, trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole and \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, followed by tetracycline and \u03b2-lactam\/\u03b2-lactam inhibitor combination, fluoroquinolone and aminoglycosides. The results show a prominent level of antibiotic-resistance phenotypes in <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> and strongly suggest the need for full-scale national surveillance of carbapenem-resistant <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic> with particular emphasis on the newly identified NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-\u03b2-lactamase-1).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.063925-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T03:17:05Z","timestamp":1380683825000},"page":"50-55","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in hospitals in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Badrul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalida","family":"Perveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 42530 Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabaab","family":"Zahra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 42530 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