{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:08:17Z","timestamp":1791148097372,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aminoglycoside phosphotransferase <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa<\/jats:italic> primarily inactivates kanamycin and neomycin, whilst <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa<\/jats:italic> also inactivates amikacin. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of both resistance genes in major human pathogens to obtain their baseline prevalence in the gene pool of these bacterial populations in Austria. In total, 10\u200a541 <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates were collected representatively without selection bias between 2008 and 2011. Isolates were analysed by <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa\/nptIII<\/jats:italic>- and <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa\/nptII<\/jats:italic>-specific TaqMan real-time PCR. For positive strains, MICs using Etests were performed and resistance gene sequences were determined. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa\/nptIII<\/jats:italic> was 1.62\u200a% (95\u200a% confidence interval: 1.38\u20131.88\u200a%). In <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, enterococci, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp., the <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa\/nptIII<\/jats:italic> prevalence was 0.47\u200a% (0\u20131.47\u200a%), 37.53\u200a% (32.84\u201342.40\u200a%), 2.90\u200a% (1.51\u20135.02\u200a%), 0\u200a% (0\u20130.32\u200a%) and 0\u200a% (0\u20130.037\u200a%), respectively. Eleven of a total of 169 carriers showed single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the resistance allele. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa\/nptII<\/jats:italic> was 0.0096\u200a% (0\u20130.046\u200a%). <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (0\u20130.70\u200a%), enterococci (0\u20130.75\u200a%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (0\u20130.73\u200a%) and <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (0\u20130.32\u200a%) did not carry <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa<\/jats:italic>. A single <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolate was positive, resulting in an <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa<\/jats:italic> prevalence of 0.013\u200a% (0\u20130.058\u200a%). <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa\/nptIII<\/jats:italic> carriers were moderately prevalent in the strains tested except for in enterococci, which appeared to be an important reservoir for <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIIa<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aph(3\u2032)-IIa\/nptII<\/jats:italic> genes were detected at clinically irrelevant frequencies and played no significant role in the aminoglycoside resistance gene pool during the observation period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.065789-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]],"date-time":"2013-11-06T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1383707063000},"page":"210-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase genes aph(3\u2032)-IIIa and aph(3\u2032)-IIa in Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Austria"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Woegerbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES \u2013 \u00d6sterreichische Agentur f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Ern\u00e4hrungssicherheit), Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Zeinzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Public Health, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES \u2013 \u00d6sterreichische Agentur f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Ern\u00e4hrungssicherheit), Vienna, 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