{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:04:13Z","timestamp":1762866253327},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance in<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>is a major concern worldwide. However, it is unclear whether resistance is associated with only a few highly prevalent clones or numerous and diverse clones. We monitored 349 healthy children and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures at five time points coinciding with health check-ups (4, 7, 10, 18 and 36 months) between 2008 and 2012. A total of 497<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>isolates from 257 healthy children were characterized using capsular serotyping, multilocus sequence typing and antibiotic resistance genotyping (<jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>mefA\/E<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>pbp<\/jats:italic>mutations). Among these isolates, 25 serotypes and 66 sequence types (STs) were found, including 24 new STs with 11 new alleles. Although resistance was present in a variety of ST clones, most of the clones (57\/66, 86.4\u200a%) had one specific resistant or susceptible genotype. Of 233 phenotypically penicillin-non-susceptible isolates, 196 (84.1\u200a%) belonged to only six clones, comprising ST90<jats:sup>6B<\/jats:sup>, ST236<jats:sup>19F<\/jats:sup>, ST242<jats:sup>23F<\/jats:sup>, ST3787<jats:sup>6A<\/jats:sup>, ST1437<jats:sup>23F<\/jats:sup>and ST338<jats:sup>23A<\/jats:sup>and their variants. We concluded that drug-resistant<jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>is associated with a limited number of highly prevalent clones that are capable of adapting to the community setting. Furthermore, we analysed the capsular gene evolution in serogroup 6. The strain ST2924<jats:sup>6D<\/jats:sup>was probably the result of recombination of a 3563 bp fragment of the capsule locus acquired by an ST2924<jats:sup>6C<\/jats:sup>strain from an ST90<jats:sup>6B<\/jats:sup>or ST2924<jats:sup>6B<\/jats:sup>strain. Compared with previous studies, our results showed a different recombination site (<jats:italic>wciN<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>wzx<\/jats:italic>) and a different<jats:italic>cps<\/jats:italic>profile (8-7-11), indicating that serogroup 6 strains have multiple sites for<jats:italic>cps<\/jats:italic>recombination as a mechanism of vaccine escape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.066316-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T04:26:10Z","timestamp":1378959970000},"page":"1868-1875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular epidemiology and serogroup 6 capsular gene evolution of pneumococcal carriage in a Japanese birth cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Taketo","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sado General Hospital 161 Chigusa, Sado, Niigata, 952-1209, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akihito","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sado General Hospital 161 Chigusa, Sado, Niigata, 952-1209, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.59.4.591-603.1995","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: virulence 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