{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:50:50Z","timestamp":1785837050911,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, with growing concerns about the emergence of non-albicans<\/jats:italic> species with resistance to antifungal agents. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of oral Candida<\/jats:italic> species in Thai HIV-infected adults and factors affecting their colonization. Candida<\/jats:italic> species were identified from oral rinse samples of 60 HIV-infected participants of the MTCT-Plus initiative and 49 healthy controls by culture-based and molecular assays. The prevalence of oral Candida<\/jats:italic> carriage was similar in HIV-infected patients (56.6\u200a%) and in controls (55.1\u200a%, P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.87). Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> was the most predominant species in both groups (94.1\u200a% of Candida<\/jats:italic> carriers in HIV, 88.9\u200a% in control). Interestingly, Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic> was the second most common species in controls (29.6\u200a%) and the third in HIV-infected patients (11.8\u200a%, P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.08). Multivariate analysis showed that, amongst HIV-infected individuals, CD4 count <200 cells mm\u20133<\/jats:sup> was associated with increased prevalence of oral carriage of both C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.03) and non-albicans<\/jats:italic> species (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.03). Moreover, patients with tuberculosis infection had a higher prevalence of the non-albicans<\/jats:italic> species than those without (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.03). Intriguingly, contraceptive use was also associated positively with non-albicans<\/jats:italic> and multi-species carriage (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.04 for both). However, use of antiretroviral drugs protected the patients from Candida<\/jats:italic> carriage (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.03), especially from C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (P<\/jats:italic>\u200a=\u200a0.02). In conclusion, while HIV-infected individuals had a similar prevalence of oral Candida<\/jats:italic> carriage to that of the control group, host immune status, tuberculosis infection, and contraceptive use may influence oral colonization of Candida<\/jats:italic>, especially of the non-albicans<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.069773-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,4]],"date-time":"2014-03-04T04:05:14Z","timestamp":1393905914000},"page":"753-759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Oral Candida carriage and immune status in Thai human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Panida","family":"Thanyasrisung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and DRU on Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyanate","family":"Kesakomol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patchara","family":"Pipattanagovit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and DRU on Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pornpan","family":"Youngnak-Piboonratanakit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waranuch","family":"Pitiphat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen 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