{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:59:54Z","timestamp":1792018794261,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>India contributes heavily to the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL, kala-azar) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/AIDS. The prevalence of HIV seropositivity in VL patients at a tertiary care centre in northern India, as observed during a prospective study over a period of 2\u2005years, is presented. Of the 104 cases of VL\/post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, six (5.7\u200a%) were found to be HIV positive, compared to 11 (5.5\u200a%) seropositive for HIV of 198 patients with fever due to other causes. Four of the six (67\u200a%) VL\/HIV co-infected patients had a chronic\/relapsing course, not responding to antileishmanial treatment. A CD4 T-cell count of &lt;200\u2005mm<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> was found in four of the five (80\u200a%) co-infected patients in whom the test was done. Although the level of HIV\/VL co-infection in the present study was lower than that of Mediterranean countries, there is a trend towards rising co-infection. The VL-endemic states of India have a huge population of migrant labourers, who work in high-HIV-prevalence states. The reported increase in the prevalence of HIV in the VL-endemic, populous states of India is a cause of grave concern, and co-infection may assume epidemic proportions in the coming decade if left unchecked.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,13]],"date-time":"2006-06-13T16:53:51Z","timestamp":1150217631000},"page":"919-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Visceral leishmaniasis\/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in India: the focus of two epidemics"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Purva","family":"Mathur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology and HIV\/Immunology, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi \u2013 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Samantaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology and HIV\/Immunology, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi \u2013 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhu","family":"Vajpayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology and HIV\/Immunology, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi \u2013 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palash","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitology and HIV\/Immunology, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi \u2013 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.298","article-title":"Leishmania and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection: the first 10\u2005years","volume":"10","author":"Alvar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R2","first-page":"62","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"12","author":"Bora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"issue":"RR19","key":"R3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.436","article-title":"Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors and survival analysis of patients coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain","volume":"58","author":"Lopez-Velez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00262.x","article-title":"HIV-associated visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200101000-00006","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected and non HIV infected patients","volume":"80","author":"Pintado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200301010-00017","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Bihar, India","volume":"32","author":"Sinha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acq Immun Def Syndr"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90238-4","article-title":"Miltefosine in a case of visceral leishmaniasis with HIV co-infection and rising incidence of this disease in India","volume":"94","author":"Thakur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"R9","first-page":"512","article-title":"Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) and HIV coinfection in Bihar, India: is this combination increasing?","volume":"32","author":"Thakur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acq Immun Def Syndr"},{"key":"R10","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS country profile","year":"2003"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Report on the Consultative Meeting on Leishmania\/HIV Co-infection","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T04:22:36Z","timestamp":1600834956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]}}}