{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:29:51Z","timestamp":1791293391129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary characterization of the microbial populations of the normal human vulva. Genomic DNA was isolated from samples of the labia majora and labia minora from four healthy women, and sequences of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in each were determined. The sequences were compared with those of known bacterial species to classify the numerically abundant populations in these communities. Even among this limited number of individuals, the microbiota of the human vulva was found to be quite diverse. Each woman had a distinctive microbiota and no single species was common to all women. The microbiota of the labia majora and labia minora differed, although both had appreciable numbers of lactobacilli and strict anaerobes. A greater diversity of populations inhabited the labia majora compared with the labia minora. The results indicated that the microbiota of the vulva includes populations known to be commensals of the microbiota of the skin, colon and vagina, and is much more complex than previously thought, suggesting that more extensive investigations are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46607-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T21:03:47Z","timestamp":1169586227000},"page":"271-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Preliminary characterization of the normal microbiota of the human vulva using cultivation-independent methods"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Celeste J.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayee","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter & Gamble Company, 6110 Center Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amita","family":"Kanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter & Gamble Company, 6110 Center Hill Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Forney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped blast and psi-blast: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb00024.x","article-title":"Quantitative microbiology of human vulva","volume":"101","author":"Aly","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00163.x","article-title":"Vaginal Lactobacillus isolates inhibit uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"257","author":"Atassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4143-1_2","article-title":"Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"473","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg039","article-title":"The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): previewing a new autoaligner that allows regular updates and the new prokaryotic taxonomy","volume":"31","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8729","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8729-8737.2005","article-title":"Characterization of microbial communities found in the human vagina by analysis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes","volume":"71","author":"Coolen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"300","article-title":"Microbiology of specialized skin: the vulva","volume":"9","author":"Elsner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Dermatol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048152","article-title":"Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"351","author":"Eschenbach","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R9","volume-title":"phylip \u2013 phylogeny inference package. Department of Genome Sciences","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1993"},{"key":"R10","first-page":"16","article-title":"Illusions of knowledge about vaginal microbiology","volume-title":"In International Conference on Women and Infectious Diseases: Progress in Science and Action","author":"Forney","year":"2006"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(98)01347-6","article-title":"Cellular microbiology: cycling into the millennium","volume":"8","author":"Henderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5505.881","article-title":"Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine","volume":"291","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3211-9.50009-7","article-title":"Evolution of protein molecules","volume-title":"In Mammalian Protein Metabolism","author":"Jukes","year":"1969"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440300025510","article-title":"Vulvovaginal trichosporonosis","volume":"11","author":"Makela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2005.04.023","article-title":"Vulvovaginitis and vaginal discharge in the pediatric patient","volume":"31","author":"Merkley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4325","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.17.4325-4331.1998","article-title":"Parallel and divergent genotypic evolution in experimental populations of Ralstonia sp","volume":"180","author":"Nakatsu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5313.734","article-title":"A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere","volume":"276","author":"Pace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005","article-title":"Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women","volume":"43","author":"Parsonnet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759","article-title":"The uncultured microbial majority","volume":"57","author":"Rappe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050156","article-title":"Urinary tract infection","volume":"17","author":"Reid","year":"1999","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01544-7","article-title":"Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Reid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"R23","first-page":"147","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"34","author":"Sheary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/27.5.1324","article-title":"Bartholinitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae : case report and review","volume":"27","author":"Sing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-001-0093-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in vulvovaginitis","volume":"3","author":"Sobel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-003-0093-8","article-title":"Erosive vulvovaginitis","volume":"5","author":"Sobel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R27","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current trends and challenges in candidiasis","volume":"18 (Suppl. 13)","author":"Sobel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"R28","first-page":"2044","article-title":"Candidiasis (vulvovaginal)","volume":"10","author":"Spence","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Evid"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.8.4258-4261.2005","article-title":"Microbiology of Bartholin's gland abscess in Japan","volume":"43","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.02.005","article-title":"Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"93","author":"Tlaskalov\u00e1-Hogenov\u00e1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.173.2.697-703.1991","article-title":"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study","volume":"173","author":"Weisburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"R33","first-page":"24","article-title":"Recurrent vulvovaginitis candidiasis: an overview of traditional and alternative therapies","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Nurse Pract"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-004-0063-9","article-title":"Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26905-0","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods","volume":"150","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46607-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:32:11Z","timestamp":1600842731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46607-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46607-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]}}}