{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:46:23Z","timestamp":1791031583859,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"\n Legionella<\/jats:italic> pneumonia can be difficult to diagnose. Existing laboratory tests all have shortcomings, especially in the ability to diagnose Legionnaires' disease (LD) at an early stage of the disease in a specimen that is readily obtainable. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of PCR as a rapid diagnostic method and to compare the results of different PCR assays of serum samples from patients with LD. Samples included 151 serum samples from 68 patients with proven LD and 60 serum samples from 36 patients with respiratory tract infections other than Legionella<\/jats:italic>. PCR assays were based on the 5S rRNA gene, 16S rRNA gene and the mip<\/jats:italic> gene. The samples from patients with infections caused by pathogens other than Legionella<\/jats:italic> all tested negative in PCR. Among the patients with proven LD 54.4\u200a% (37\/68) tested positive in 5S rRNA PCR, 52.9\u200a% (36\/68) in mip<\/jats:italic> gene PCR and 30.9\u200a% (21\/68) in 16S rRNA PCR in the first available serum sample. The association between threshold cycle value in 5S PCR positive serum samples (n<\/jats:italic>=49) and C-reactive protein value was determined, and showed a strong negative correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient r<\/jats:italic>=\u22120.63, P<\/jats:italic><0.0001). In addition to existing tests for the diagnosis of LD, detection of Legionella<\/jats:italic> DNA in serum could be a useful tool for early diagnosis of LD caused by any Legionella<\/jats:italic> species and serogroup, and has the potential to provide a diagnosis in a time frame that could affect initial infection management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46714-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,15]],"date-time":"2006-12-15T19:51:25Z","timestamp":1166212285000},"page":"94-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Evaluation of real-time PCR for the early detection of Legionella pneumophila DNA in serum samples"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bram M. W.","family":"Diederen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M. A.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fa\u00ef\u00e7al","family":"Marmouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A. J. W.","family":"Kluytmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, PO Box 90158, 4800 RK Breda, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel F.","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Van der Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Elisabeth Hospital, PO Box 747, 5000 AS Tilburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4215","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4215-4218.2000","article-title":"Detection of Legionella pneumophila using a real-time PCR hybridization assay","volume":"38","author":"Ballard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-003-1033-0","article-title":"Reference values for the SERION classic ELISA for detecting Legionella pneumophila antibodies","volume":"22","author":"Boshuizen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"84","article-title":"Legionnaires' disease: clinical, epidemiological, and public health perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Breiman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.1709-1712.2000","article-title":"Detection of Legionella species in respiratory specimens using PCR with sequencing confirmation","volume":"38","author":"Cloud","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R5","first-page":"871","article-title":"Diagnosis of Legionella infection in Legionnaires' disease","volume":"23","author":"Den Boer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01112.x","article-title":"No evidence of Legionella infection in general practice patients presenting with acute respiratory infections in The Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Diederen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46453-0","article-title":"Detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila DNA in serum: case reports and review of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Diederen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2618-2626.2001","article-title":"Direct detection of Legionella species from bronchoalveolar lavage and open lung biopsy specimens: comparison of LightCycler PCR, in situ hybridization, direct fluorescence antigen detection and culture","volume":"39","author":"Hayden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01695659","article-title":"Delay in appropriate therapy of Legionella -pneumonia associated with increased mortality","volume":"15","author":"Heath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05464-0","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: comparison of phenotypic and genotypic methods","volume":"53","author":"Lindsay","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R11A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02112614","article-title":"Detection of Legionella DNA in human and guinea pig urine samples by the polymouse chain reaction","volume":"14","author":"Maiwald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1086\/342884","article-title":"Infection due to Legionella species other than L. pneumophila","volume":"35","author":"Muder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1086\/345529","article-title":"Diagnosis of Legionella infection","volume":"36","author":"Murdoch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.3.475","article-title":"Use of the polymerase chain-reaction to detect Legionella DNA in urine and serum samples from patients with pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Murdoch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1264","article-title":"Quantitation of viral load using real-time amplification techniques","volume":"25","author":"Niesters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410020127","article-title":"Diagnosis of atypical pathogens in patients hospitalized with community-acquired respiratory infection","volume":"36","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1316-8","article-title":"Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low- and high-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Van der Eerden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.1124-1127.2002","article-title":"Novel PCR-probe assay for detection of and discrimination between Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species in clinical samples","volume":"40","author":"Van der Zee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"supplement, S87","key":"R18","article-title":"Presence of Legionella pneumophila DNA in serum samples during Legionnaires' disease in relation to C-reactive protein levels","volume":"14","author":"Wever","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5913-5916.2004","article-title":"Comparison of five methods for extraction of Legionella pneumophila from respiratory specimens","volume":"42","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/341087","article-title":"Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative study","volume":"186","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3232-3236.2002","article-title":"Sensitivity of three urinary antigen tests associated with clinical severity in a large outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in the Netherlands","volume":"40","author":"Yzerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46714-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:24:22Z","timestamp":1600842262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46714-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.46714-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]}}}