{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:49:29Z","timestamp":1787010569058,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic>\n                    amoebic encephalitis (BAE) is a serious human disease almost always leading to death. An important step in BAE is amoebae invasion of the bloodstream, followed by their haematogenous spread.\n                    <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    entry into the central nervous system most likely occurs at the blood\u2013brain barrier sites. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), which constitute the blood\u2013brain barrier, this study determined (i) the ability of\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    to bind to HBMECs and (ii) the associated molecular mechanisms. Adhesion assays revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited greater than 90\u200a% binding to HBMECs\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To determine whether recognition of carbohydrate moieties on the surface of the HBMECs plays a role in\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    adherence to the target cells, adhesion assays were performed in the presence of the saccharides mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose and fucose. It was observed that adherence of\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly reduced by galactose, whilst the other saccharides had no effect. Acetone fixation of amoebae, but not of HBMECs, abolished adhesion, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    adhesin(s) bind to galactose-containing glycoproteins of HBMECs.\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    also bound to microtitre wells coated with galactose\u2013BSA. By affinity chromatography using a galactose\u2013Sepharose column, a galactose-binding protein (GBP) was isolated from detergent extracts of unlabelled amoebae. The isolation of a GBP from cell-surface-biotin-labelled amoebae suggested its membrane association. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE confirmed the proteinaceous nature of the GBP and determined its molecular mass as approximately 100\u2005kDa. This is the first report suggesting the role of a GBP in\n                    <jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    interactions with HBMECs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47134-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,20]],"date-time":"2007-07-20T13:52:59Z","timestamp":1184939579000},"page":"1110-1115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Abdul","family":"Matin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk-Yul","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Sik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Stins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, 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