{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:46:40Z","timestamp":1791352000894,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spiroplasma, small motile wall-less bacteria, are linked by molecular and serological studies to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which include scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease in humans. In this study, two experiments were undertaken to determine the role of spiroplasma in the pathogenesis of TSE. In experiment 1, <jats:italic>Spiroplasma mirum<\/jats:italic>, a rabbit tick isolate that had previously been shown to experimentally induce spongiform encephalopathy in rodents, was inoculated intracranially (IC) into ruminants. <jats:italic>S. mirum<\/jats:italic>-inoculated deer manifested clinical signs of TSE after 1.5 to 5.5 months incubation. The deer, as well as sheep and goats, inoculated with <jats:italic>S. mirum<\/jats:italic> developed spongiform encephalopathy in a dose-dependent manner. In experiment 2, spiroplasma closely related to <jats:italic>S. mirum<\/jats:italic> were isolated from TSE-affected brains via passage in embryonated eggs, and propagated in cell-free M1D media. <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. isolates from scrapie-affected sheep brain and from CWD-affected deer brain inoculated IC into sheep and goats induced spongiform encephalopathy closely resembling natural TSE in these animals. These data show spiroplasma to be consistently associated with TSE, and able experimentally to cause TSE in ruminant animal models, therein questioning the validity of studies that have concluded the prion, a miss-folded protease-resistant protein that builds up in TSE brains during the course of the disease, to be the sole causal agent. The spiroplasma infection models reported here will be important for investigating factors involved in the pathogenesis of TSE since ruminants are the natural hosts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47159-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]],"date-time":"2007-08-29T17:28:00Z","timestamp":1188408480000},"page":"1235-1242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Spiroplasma spp. from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy brains or ticks induce spongiform encephalopathy in ruminants"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Frank O.","family":"Bastian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Dalrymple Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dearl E.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idlewild Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will A.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idlewild Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue D.","family":"Hagius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Dalrymple Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel V.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Dalrymple Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Henk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred M.","family":"Enright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Dalrymple Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Elzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Dalrymple Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"665","article-title":"Spiroplasma-like inclusions in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"103","author":"Bastian","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"R2","volume-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Other Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies","author":"Bastian","year":"1991"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000183553.01458.87","article-title":"Spiroplasma as a candidate causal agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies","volume":"64","author":"Bastian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91571-3","article-title":"Additional evidence of spiroplasma in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"1","author":"Bastian","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5","first-page":"496","article-title":"Neuropathology of spiroplasma infection in the rat brain","volume":"114","author":"Bastian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.12.2430-2431.1987","article-title":"Antiserum to scrapie-associated fibril protein cross-reacts with Spiroplasma mirum fibril protein","volume":"25","author":"Bastian","year":"1987a","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0769-2609(87)90143-8","article-title":"Neurotropic response of Spiroplasma mirum following peripheral inoculation in the rat","volume":"138","author":"Bastian","year":"1987b","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2004.02.002","article-title":"Linking chronic wasting disease to scrapie by comparison of Spiroplasma mirum ribosomal DNA sequences","volume":"77","author":"Bastian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.06.024","article-title":"Safe method for isolation of prion protein and diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"130","author":"Bastian","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.02.011","article-title":"In vitro generation of infectious scrapie prions","volume":"121","author":"Castilla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R11","first-page":"307","article-title":"The suckling mouse cataract agent (SMCA","volume":"18","author":"Clark","year":"1974","journal-title":"Prog Med Virol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90041-0","article-title":"Spiroplasma and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"2","author":"Gray","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34934-8","article-title":"The pathology of experimental scrapie in the dairy goat","volume":"2","author":"Hadlow","year":"1961","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"R14","first-page":"215","article-title":"Observations on the agent of scrapie","volume-title":"In NINDB Monograph no. 2, Slow, Latent and Temperate Virus Infections","author":"Haig","year":"1965"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.19.10069","article-title":"Evidence for protein X binding to a discontinuous epitope on the cellular prion protein during scrapie propagation","volume":"94","author":"Kaneko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.33.1.292-296.1981","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Spiroplasma sp. strain SMCA in rabbits: clinical, microbiological and histological aspects","volume":"33","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5298.402","article-title":"Transmission of the BSE agent to mice in the absence of detectable abnormal prion protein","volume":"275","author":"Lasm\u00e8zas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100195","article-title":"Synthetic mammalian prions","volume":"305","author":"Legname","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5124","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.11.5124","article-title":"Viral particles are required for infection in neurodegenerative Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"92","author":"Manuelidis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5322.94","article-title":"Evolution of a strain of CJD that induces BSE-like plaques","volume":"277","author":"Manuelidis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.10.1319","article-title":"Acceleration of scrapie in neonatal Syrian hamsters","volume":"39","author":"McKinley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/306474a0","article-title":"Scrapie-associated fibrils in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"306","author":"Merz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00132985-200412000-00008","article-title":"Spiroplasma hsp60 may be the pathogen responsible for spreading CJD","volume":"4","author":"Moyer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology Today"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S166","DOI":"10.1086\/344267","article-title":"Subclinical scrapie infection in a resistant species: persistence, replication and adaptation of infectivity during four passages","volume":"186 (Suppl. 2)","author":"Race","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198101000-00001","article-title":"Intracellular spiral inclusions in cerebral cell processes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"40","author":"Reyes","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-10-2117","article-title":"Kinetics of infectivity are dissociated from PrP accumulation in salivary glands of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease agent-inoculated mice","volume":"74","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.1.1","article-title":"Spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ), white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and Rocky Mountain Elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni ) in north central Colorado","volume":"33","author":"Spraker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00253.x","article-title":"Prion protein genes and prion diseases: studies in transgenic mice","volume":"26","author":"Telling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1126\/science.841314","article-title":"Pathogenic mycoplasma: cultivation and vertebrate pathogenicity of a new spiroplasma","volume":"195","author":"Tully","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R30","first-page":"111","article-title":"Localization and persistence of spiroplasmas in an experimental brain infection in suckling rats","volume":"135A","author":"Tully","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol (Paris"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021980","article-title":"Cellular prion protein promotes Brucella infection into macrophages","volume":"198","author":"Watarai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-583801-6.50031-7","article-title":"Culture media for spiroplasmas","volume-title":"In Methods in Mycoplasmology","author":"Whitcomb","year":"1983"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/356598a0","article-title":"Amphotericin B treatment dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from PrP accumulation","volume":"356","author":"Xi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47159-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:24:31Z","timestamp":1600842271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47159-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47159-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]}}}