{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:02:11Z","timestamp":1785178931896,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is the cause of one of the most common types of vaginitis, trichomoniasis. The incidence of trichomoniasis in developed countries has decreased substantially during the past decade, but high prevalence of this disease can still be found in rural and remote areas of Australia. Clinical manifestations of symptomatic women are generally non-specific, but include vaginal discharge, vaginitis and irritation. <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection has also been linked to the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Current diagnosis of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> relies on the visualization of motile organisms in a wet-mount preparation. Culture is used mainly in reference laboratories. The latter two methods require viable organisms and would not be suitable for use where transportation of specimens can be delayed. Two real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridization probe PCR assays were used in this study to test for <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> DNA, targeting the <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes. We tested 500 randomly selected female patients, in an STD setting, for <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> DNA. The FRET PCRs targeting the <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-tubulin gene and the 18S rRNA gene detected 96\u200a% (85\/89) and 100\u200a% (89\/89) , respectively, of the positive specimens (first-void urine sample or genital swabs). Wet-mount microscopy was performed on 76 of these PCR-positive specimens and showed a sensitivity of 38\u200a% (29\/76). The prevalence, by PCR, of trichomoniasis was 18\u200a% in this study. The two real-time PCRs developed in this study, targeting different genetic regions of the organism, provide a rapid, sensitive and specific diagnosis of <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47163-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,17]],"date-time":"2007-05-17T22:41:59Z","timestamp":1179441719000},"page":"772-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Real-time PCRs for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis\n            \u03b2-tubulin and 18S rRNA genes in female genital specimens"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuckweng","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"297","article-title":"A comparison of the sensitivity of the InPouch TV, Diamond's and Trichosel media for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"73","author":"Borchardt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.248","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions","volume":"76","author":"Bowden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.6.431","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis , Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and human papillomavirus infection in indigenous women in northern Australia","volume":"75","author":"Bowden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-2-12","article-title":"Detection and subtyping of Herpes simplex virus in clinical samples by LightCycler PCR, enzyme immunoassay and cell culture","volume":"2","author":"Burrows","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440500068248","article-title":"Real-time PCR improves detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection compared with culture using self-collected vaginal swabs","volume":"13","author":"Caliendo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5619-5622.2003","article-title":"Use of the Roche LightCycler instrument in a real-time PCR for Trichomonas vaginalis in urine samples from females and males","volume":"41","author":"Hardick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.3819-3822.2001","article-title":"TaqMan-based detection of Trichomonas vaginalis DNA from female genital specimens","volume":"39","author":"Jordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R8","first-page":"819","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis : repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis","volume":"40","author":"Kengne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200211000-00006","article-title":"Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas","volume":"29","author":"Knox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3585-3588.2000","article-title":"Detection of trichomonosis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture and PCR","volume":"38","author":"Lawing","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.11.3205-3210.1998","article-title":"Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples","volume":"36","author":"Madico","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2683-2687.2000","article-title":"18S ribosomal DNA-based PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"38","author":"Mayta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90116-2","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"54","author":"Paces","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"11","author":"Petrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.07.033","article-title":"Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection: the sensitivities and specificities of microscopy, culture and PCR assay","volume":"126","author":"Radonjic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1999.40.1.56","article-title":"Diagnosis of trichomoniasis by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"40","author":"Ryu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1086\/498221","article-title":"Trichomoniasis in adolescents: a marker for the lack of a public health response to the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States","volume":"192","author":"Schwebke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004","article-title":"Trichomoniasis","volume":"17","author":"Schwebke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1258\/095646205774988019","article-title":"Comparison of conventional testing to polymerase chain reaction in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in indigenous women living in remote areas","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.08.023","article-title":"Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?","volume":"190","author":"Soper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2003.12.005","article-title":"Rapid detection and simultaneous subtype differentiation of influenza A viruses by real time PCR","volume":"117","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1086\/498217","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women","volume":"192","author":"Van Der Pol","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.4127-4130.1999","article-title":"Improved diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swabs and urine specimens compared to diagnosis by wet-mount microscopy, culture, and fluorescent staining","volume":"37","author":"van der Schee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R24","first-page":"2","article-title":"An overview of selected curable sexually transmitted diseases","volume-title":"In Global Program on AIDS","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47163-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:20:34Z","timestamp":1600842034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47163-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47163-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]}}}