{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T23:37:09Z","timestamp":1792971429614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of the study were to evaluate the incidence of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Helicobacter heilmannii<\/jats:italic> in untreated Bulgarian children from 1996 to 2006, to analyse the performance of diagnostic tests, and to look at <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> density in specimens by culture. Antral specimens from children with chronic gastritis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=513), peptic ulcers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=54) and other diseases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=91) were evaluated by direct Gram staining (DGS), in-house rapid urease test (RUT) and culture. The living environment and semi-quantitative <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> density were assessed in 188 and 328 children, respectively. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was found in children with ulcers (77.8\u200a %), chronic gastritis (64.5\u200a %) and other diseases (36.3\u200a %). Half (51.4 \u200a%) of patients aged 1\u20135 years and 77.4\u200a % of those aged 16\u201317 years were <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-positive. Of all children, 328 (49.8 \u200a%) showed positive DGS, 184 (28 \u200a%) had a positive RUT, and 386 (58.7 \u200a%) were culture-positive. Unlike gastric mucus specimens, frozen biopsy specimens provided reliable diagnosis. <jats:italic>H. heilmannii<\/jats:italic> was observed in two (0.3\u200a %) children. High <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> density (growth into all quadrants of plates) was found in 18\u200a % of 328 children evaluated, involving 31 \u200a% of ulcer and 16.7\u200a % of non-ulcer patients. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was more common in rural children with chronic gastritis (91.3\u200a %) than in the remainder (66.7\u200a %). In conclusion, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection was common in symptomatic Bulgarian children. The infection prevalence was &gt;77 \u200a% in patients aged 16\u201317 years, in children with a duodenal ulcer, and in rural patients. <jats:italic>H. heilmannii<\/jats:italic> infection was uncommon. The performance of the bacterial culture was good. The impact of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> density on the clinical expression and eradication of the infection requires further evaluation. The results highlight the need for routine <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> diagnosis in rural children with chronic gastritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47181-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,20]],"date-time":"2007-07-20T17:52:59Z","timestamp":1184953979000},"page":"1081-1085","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter heilmannii in untreated Bulgarian children over a period of 10 years"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Lyudmila","family":"Boyanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave Street 2, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lazarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Paediatric Hospital, Sofia, 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