{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:00:47Z","timestamp":1788242447824,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"abstract":"Previous experimental investigations of the crystalline biofilms that colonize and block urinary catheters have focussed on their formation by pure cultures of Proteus mirabilis.<\/jats:italic> In the urine of patients undergoing long-term catheterization, P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> is commonly found in mixed communities with other urinary tract pathogens. Little is known about the effect that the other species have on the rate at which P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> encrusts catheters. In the present study, a set of data on the nature of the bacterial communities on 106 catheter biofilms has been analysed and it was found that while species such as Providencia stuartii<\/jats:italic> and Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were commonly associated with P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>, when Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, Morganella morganii<\/jats:italic> or Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic> were present, P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> was rarely or never found. The hypothesis that the absence of P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> from some biofilm communities could be due to its active exclusion by other species has also been examined. Experiments in laboratory models showed that co-infection of P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> with M. morganii, K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> or E. coli<\/jats:italic> had no effect on the ability of P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> to encrust and block catheters. Co-infection with Ent. cloacae<\/jats:italic> or Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, however, significantly increased the time that catheters took to block (P<\/jats:italic> <0.05). The growth of Ent. cloacae<\/jats:italic>, M. morganii<\/jats:italic>, K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> or E. coli<\/jats:italic> in the model for 72\u2005h prior to superinfection with P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> significantly delayed catheter blockage. In the case of Ent. cloacae<\/jats:italic>, for example, the mean time to blockage was extended from 28.7\u2005h to 60.7\u2005h (P<\/jats:italic> \u22640.01). In all cases, however, P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> was able to generate alkaline urine, colonize the biofilms, induce crystal formation and block the catheters. The results suggest that although there is a degree of antagonism between P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> and some of the other urinary tract organisms, the effects are temporary and whatever the pre-existing urinary microbiota, infection with P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic> is thus likely to lead to catheter encrustation and blockage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47395-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,26]],"date-time":"2007-10-26T18:24:52Z","timestamp":1193423092000},"page":"1549-1557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Species interactions in mixed-community crystalline biofilms on urinary catheters"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Macleod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Stickler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.10.6.766-771.1979","article-title":"The role of bacterial growth rates in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of urinary infections in women","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(82)90029-9","article-title":"Some observations on urinary tract infections in patients undergoing long-term bladder catheterization","volume":"3","author":"Clayton","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01960877","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy of bacterial biofilms on indwelling bladder catheters","volume":"11","author":"Ganderton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"346","article-title":"Urease. The primary cause of infection induced urinary stones","volume":"13","author":"Griffith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.09074.x","article-title":"Long-term catheterization of the bladder: prevalence and morbidity","volume":"77","author":"Kohler-Ockmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90096-6","article-title":"Blockage of urinary catheters: role of microorganisms and constituents of the urine on formation of encrustations","volume":"42","author":"Kunin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R7","first-page":"226","article-title":"Care of the urinary catheter","volume-title":"In Urinary Tract Infections: Detection, Prevention and Management","author":"Kunin","year":"1997"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.10.065","article-title":"Bacterial colonization on intraluminal surface of urethral catheter","volume":"65","author":"Matsukawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.11.2216-2217.1987","article-title":"Urease-positive bacteriuria and obstruction of long-term urinary catheters","volume":"25","author":"Mobley","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90262-6","article-title":"Encrustation of indwelling urethral catheters by Proteus mirabilis biofilms growing in human urine","volume":"39","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00185.x","article-title":"Which indwelling urethral catheters resist encrustation by Proteus mirabilis biofilms?","volume":"80","author":"Morris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050159","article-title":"The development of bacterial biofilms on indwelling urethral catheters","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)40071-1","article-title":"Bacterial and crystal adherence to the surfaces of indwelling urethral catheters","volume":"143","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)10037-5","article-title":"Simple physical model to study formation and physiology of biofilms on urethral catheters","volume":"310","author":"Stickler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.6.1151","article-title":"Fever, bacteraemia and death as complications of bacteriuria in women with long-term urethral catheters","volume":"155","author":"Warren","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R16","first-page":"245","article-title":"Some observations on the structure of encrusting biofilms of Proteus mirabilis on urethral catheters","volume":"5","author":"Winters","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cells Mater"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47395-0?crawler=true","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T06:25:58Z","timestamp":1600842358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/jmm\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47395-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.47395-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2615","1473-5644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2615","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-5644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]}}}