{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:06:22Z","timestamp":1790859982172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to assess the lethality of <jats:italic>Clostridium difficile<\/jats:italic>-associated disease (CDAD) and the PCR ribotypes prevalent in Austria, the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety requested isolates of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> from patients in a structured but arbitrary sampling scheme. In the allocated period from February 2006 to January 2007, local hospital laboratories within each of the nine provinces were asked to submit <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> isolates from at least ten cases of CDAD. Confirmation of species identification, toxin detection, susceptibility testing against four antimicrobial agents and typing using a PCR ribotyping method were performed at the reference laboratory. In total, 149 isolates of putative <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> were submitted, from which 142 were included for study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns revealed resistance to clindamycin in 57\u200a% and high-level resistance to moxifloxacin in 38\u200a% of isolates tested. CDAD manifested as diarrhoea (including eight cases of bloody diarrhoea) in 126 cases (88.7\u200a%), as pseudomembranous colitis in 15 cases (10.6\u200a%) and as toxic megacolon in one case. Twelve of the 142 patients died within 30\u2005days of specimen collection (8.45\u200a% lethality). A lethal outcome occurred in 2\/15 cases (13.3\u200a%) when pseudomembranous colitis was present and in 10\/126 cases (7.9\u200a%) in the absence of pseudomembranous colitis or toxic megacolon. Among the 142 isolates from 25 health-care facilities, 41 PCR ribotype patterns were found. The most frequent ribotypes were AI-5 (including six lethal cases out of 26 patients), 014 (two out of 24) and 053 (one out of 24). The typing patterns demonstrated the occurrence of clusters in hospitals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47476-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,14]],"date-time":"2008-05-14T17:28:49Z","timestamp":1210786129000},"page":"702-708","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Characterization of clinical Clostridium difficile isolates by PCR ribotyping and detection of toxin genes in Austria, 2006\u20132007"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Indra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Huhulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Gattringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Hasenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Wewalka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Allerberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Waeringerstrasse 25a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45805-0","article-title":"PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile isolates originating from human and animal sources","volume":"54","author":"Arroyo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70215-2","article-title":"Treatment of Clostridium difficile -associated disease: old therapies and new strategies","volume":"5","author":"Aslam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp011603","article-title":"Antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"346","author":"Bartlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4","first-page":"455","article-title":"Pseudomembranous enterocolitis (antibiotic-related colitis)","volume":"22","author":"Bartlett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv Intern Med"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695137","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infections in animals with special reference to the horse. 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