{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:29:54Z","timestamp":1790724594098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For many infections transmitting to humans from reservoirs in nature, disease dispersal patterns over space and time are largely unknown. Here, a reversed genomics approach helped us understand disease dispersal and yielded insight into evolution and biological properties of <jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>, the bacterium causing tularemia. We whole-genome sequenced 67 strains and characterized by single-nucleotide polymorphism assays 138 strains, collected from individuals infected 1947-2012 across Western Europe. We used the data for phylogenetic, population genetic and geographical network analyses. All strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=205) belonged to a monophyletic population of recent ancestry not found outside Western Europe. Most strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=195) throughout the study area were assigned to a star-like phylogenetic pattern indicating that colonization of Western Europe occurred via clonal expansion. In the East of the study area, strains were more diverse, consistent with a founder population spreading from east to west. The relationship of genetic and geographic distance within the <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> population was complex and indicated multiple long-distance dispersal events. Mutation rate estimates based on year of isolation indicated null rates; in outbreak hotspots only, there was a rate of 0.4 mutations\/genome\/year. Patterns of nucleotide substitution showed marked AT mutational bias suggestive of genetic drift. These results demonstrate that tularemia has moved from east to west in Europe and that <jats:italic>F. tularensis<\/jats:italic> has a biology characterized by long-range geographical dispersal events and mostly slow, but variable, replication rates. The results indicate that mutation-driven evolution, a resting survival phase, genetic drift and long-distance geographical dispersal events have interacted to generate genetic diversity within this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,5]],"date-time":"2016-12-05T11:12:32Z","timestamp":1480936352000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Long-range dispersal moved Francisella tularensis into Western Europe from the East"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Chinmay","family":"Dwibedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"2\u200bDivision of CBRN Security and Defence, Swedish Defense Research Agency, Ume\u00e5, 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