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Here, we isolated 12 novel species of the genus <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> from tropical soils, significantly increasing the number of known species to 35 and finding evidence of highly unexplored biodiversity in the genus. Extended comparative phylogenomics and pan-genome analyses at the genus level by incorporating 26 novel genomes, revealed that, the traditional leptospiral \u2018pathogens\u2019 cluster, as defined by their phylogenetic position, can be split in two groups with distinct virulence potential and accessory gene patterns. These genomic distinctions are strongly linked to the ability to cause or not severe infections in animal models and humans. Our results not only provide new insights into virulence evolution in the members of the genus <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>, but also lay the foundations for refining the classification of the pathogenic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]],"date-time":"2018-01-03T15:28:14Z","timestamp":1514993294000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Deciphering the unexplored Leptospira diversity from soils uncovers genomic evolution to virulence"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Roman","family":"Thibeaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bInstitut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Institut Pasteur International Network, Leptospirosis Research and Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Iraola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2\u200bInstitut Pasteur Montevideo, 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