{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:11:05Z","timestamp":1770750665616,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> is the causative agent of cholera, a globally important human disease for at least 200\u2009years. In 2009\u20132011, the first recorded cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea (PNG) occurred. We conducted genetic and phenotypic characterization of 21 isolates of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>,<\/jats:italic> with whole-genome sequencing conducted on 2 representative isolates. The PNG outbreak was caused by an atypical El Tor strain harbouring a tandem repeat of the CTX prophage on chromosome II. Whole-genome sequence data, prophage structural analysis and the absence of the SXT integrative conjugative element was indicative that the PNG isolates were most closely related to strains previously isolated in South-East and East Asia with affiliations to global wave 2 strains. This finding suggests that the cholera outbreak in PNG was caused by an exotic (non-endemic) strain of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> that originated in South-East Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T15:14:22Z","timestamp":1551280462000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Wave 2 strains of atypical Vibrio cholerae El Tor caused the 2009\u20132011 cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2\u200bSchool of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia"},{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Mutreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3\u200bWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"4\u200bDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Bulach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5\u200bMelbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"6\u200bDepartment of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Belousoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6\u200bDepartment of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinjho H.","family":"Jonduo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deirdre A.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"7\u200bSchool of Medicinal and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monalisa P.","family":"Kas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wapling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Seemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5\u200bMelbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Lafana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3\u200bWellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark V.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8\u200bSchool of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1\u200bPapua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"9\u200bAustralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","volume-title":"Papua New Guinea Health Profile: World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"R2","article-title":"At a glance: Papua New Guinea: UNICEF","year":"2013"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cholera in Oceania","volume-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases - 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