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Despite the severe burden of malaria on human populations, it remains contentious how the disease arrived and spread in Europe. Here, we report a partial <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> nuclear genome derived from a set of antique medical slides stained with the blood of malaria-infected patients from Spain\u2019s Ebro Delta, dating to the 1940s. Our analyses of the genome of this now eradicated European <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> strain confirms stronger phylogeographical affinity to present-day strains in circulation in central south Asia, rather than to those in Africa. This points to a longitudinal, rather than a latitudinal, spread of malaria into Europe. In addition, this genome displays two derived alleles in the <jats:italic>pfmrp1<\/jats:italic> gene that have been associated with drug resistance. Whilst this could represent standing variation in the ancestral <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> population, these mutations may also have arisen due to the selective pressure of quinine treatment, which was an anti-malarial drug already in use by the time the sample we sequenced was mounted on a slide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T16:13:14Z","timestamp":1566922394000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetic affinities of an eradicated European Plasmodium falciparum strain"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toni","family":"de-Dios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"van Dorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Gelabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Car\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Sandoval-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Fregel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fcl","family":"Escosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorci de Pol\u00edtiques Ambientals de les Terres de l'Ebre (COPATE), 43580 Deltebre, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1496-8306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servei de Control de Mosquits, Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3537-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvie","family":"Huijben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1978-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Balloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-7195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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