{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:44:06Z","timestamp":1782135846247,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (syn.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infSAects over 280\u2009million people each year and numerous animals.\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can be subdivided into eight assemblages with different host specificity. Unculturable assemblages have so far resisted genome sequencing efforts. In this study, we isolated single and pooled cysts of assemblages C and D from dog faeces by FACS, and sequenced them using multiple displacement amplification and Illumina paired-end sequencing. The genomes of assemblages C and D were compared with genomes of assemblages A and B from humans and assemblage E from ruminants and pigs. The genomes obtained from the pooled cysts and from the single cysts were considered complete (&gt;99\u200a% marker genes observed) and the allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH) values of assemblages C and D were 0.89 and 0.74\u200a%, respectively. These ASH values were slightly higher than for assemblage B (&gt;0.43\u200a%) and much higher than for assemblages A and E, which ranged from 0.002 to 0.037\u200a%. The flavohaemoglobin and 4Fe-4S binding domain family encoding genes involved in O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and NO detoxification were only present in assemblages A, B and E. Cathepsin B orthologs were found in all genomes. Six clades of cathepsin B orthologs contained one gene of each genome, while in three clades not all assemblages were represented. We conclude that whole-genome sequencing from a single\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    cyst results in complete draft genomes, making the genomes of unculturable\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    assemblages accessible. Observed differences between the genomes of assemblages C and D on one hand and the assemblages A, B and E on the other hand are possibly associated with host specificity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T10:12:29Z","timestamp":1575972749000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Whole-genome sequencing of dog-specific assemblages C and D of Giardia duodenalis from single and pooled cysts indicates host-associated genes"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3625-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frans N. 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