{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:00:26Z","timestamp":1793149226944,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3291\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Salmonella<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    Infantis is one of the five serovars most frequently causing human salmonellosis in Europe, mainly associated with poultry. A clone harbouring a conjugative plasmid of emerging\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis (pESI)-like megaplasmid, carrying multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes, has spread in the Italian broiler chicken industry also causing human illness. This work is aimed at elucidating the molecular epidemiology of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis and pESI-like in Europe using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, and to investigate the genetic relatedness of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis clones and pESI-like from animals, meat, feed and humans provided by institutions of nine European countries. Two genotyping approaches were used: chromosome or plasmid SNP-based analysis and the minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm based on core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). The European\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis population appeared heterogeneous, with different genetic clusters defined at core-genome level. However, pESI-like variants present in 64.1\u200a% of the isolates were more genetically homogeneous and capable of infecting different clonal lineages in most of the countries. Two different pESI-like with ESBL genes (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =82) were observed:\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -positive in European isolates and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-65<\/jats:sub>\n                    -positive in American isolates (study outgroup). Both variants had toxin-antitoxin systems, resistance genes towards tetracyclines, trimethoprim, sulphonamides and aminoglycosides, heavy metals (\n                    <jats:italic>mer<\/jats:italic>\n                    A) and disinfectants (\n                    <jats:italic>qac<\/jats:italic>\n                    E\u0394). Worryingly, 66\u200a% of the total isolates studied presented different\n                    <jats:italic>gyr<\/jats:italic>\n                    A chromosomal point mutations associated with (fluoro)quinolone resistance (MIC range 0.125\u20130.5\u2009mg\/L), while 18\u200a% displayed transferable macrolide resistance mediated by\n                    <jats:italic>mph<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>\n                    (B) genes. Proper intervention strategies are needed to prevent further dissemination\/transmission of MDR\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infantis and pESI-like along the food chain in Europe.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T12:18:37Z","timestamp":1586434717000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Europe: insights into the success of the bacterial host and its parasitic pESI-like megaplasmid"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Diagnostics, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana \u201cM. 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