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The most notable members of the AB5<\/jats:sub> toxin families include Shiga toxin families 1 (Stx1<\/jats:sub>) and 2 (Stx2<\/jats:sub>), which are associated with enterohaemorrhagic \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> infections causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis. The subAB toxins are the newest and least well understood members of the AB5<\/jats:sub> toxin gene family. The subtilase toxin genes are divided into a plasmid-based variant, subAB1<\/jats:italic>, originally described in enterohaemorrhagic \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> O113:H21, and distinct chromosomal variants, subAB2<\/jats:italic>, that reside in pathogenicity islands encoding additional virulence effectors. Previously we identified a chromosomal subAB2<\/jats:italic> operon within an \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> ST58 strain IBS28 (ONT:H25) taken from a wild ibis nest at an inland wetland in New South Wales, Australia. Here we show the subAB2<\/jats:italic> toxin operon comprised part of a 140\u2009kb tRNA\u2013Phe chromosomal island that co-hosted tia<\/jats:italic>, encoding an outer-membrane protein that confers an adherence and invasion phenotype and additional virulence and accessory genetic content that potentially originated from known virulence island SE-PAI. This island shared a common evolutionary history with a secondary 90\u2009kb tRNA\u2013Phe pathogenicity island that was presumably generated via a duplication event. IBS28 is closely related [200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] to four North American ST58 strains. The close relationship between North American isolates of ST58 and IBS28 was further supported by the identification of the only copy of a unique variant of IS26 within the O-antigen gene cluster. Strain ISB28 may be a historically important \n \n E. coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> ST58 genome sequence hosting a progenitor pathogenicity island encoding subAB<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,10]],"date-time":"2020-06-10T16:38:52Z","timestamp":1591807132000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Duplication and diversification of a unique chromosomal virulence island hosting the subtilase cytotoxin in Escherichia coli ST58"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5274-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ethan R.","family":"Wyrsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian Centre for Genomic Epidemiological Microbiology, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, 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