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We identified a novel adenovirus, squirrel monkey adenovirus 1 (SqMAdV-1), as the cause of fatal infection in an immunocompromised squirrel monkey (<jats:italic>Saimiri boliviensis<\/jats:italic>) at the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (KCCMR). Sequencing of SqMAdV-1 revealed that it is most closely related (80.4\u200a% pairwise nucleotide identity) to the titi monkey (<jats:italic>Plecturocebus cupreus<\/jats:italic>) adenovirus (TMAdV). Although identified in the titi monkey, TMAdV is highly lethal in these monkeys, and they are not thought to be the natural host. While SqMAdV-1 is similar to other primate adenoviruses in size and genomic characteristics, a nucleotide polymorphism at the expected stop codon of the DNA polymerase gene results in a 126 amino acid extension at the carboxy terminus, a feature not previously observed among other primate adenoviruses. PCR testing and partial sequencing of 95 archived faecal samples from other squirrel monkeys (<jats:italic>Saimiri boliviensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Saimiri sciureus<\/jats:italic>) housed at the KCCMR revealed the presence of three distinct, and apparently endemic species of adenoviruses. A grouping of ten squirrel monkey adenovirus variants has high similarity to SqMAdV-1. A single adenovirus variant (designated SqMAdV-3), detected in five monkeys, has similarity to tufted capuchin (<jats:italic>Sapajus apella<\/jats:italic>) adenoviruses. The largest group of adenovirus variants detected (designated SqMAdV-2.0\u20132.16) has very high similarity (93\u201399\u200a%) to the TMAdV, suggesting that squirrel monkeys may be the natural host of the TMAdV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T16:46:12Z","timestamp":1593794772000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological and molecular characterization of a novel adenovirus of squirrel monkeys after fatal infection during immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3879-5684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna L.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5225-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wallace B.","family":"Baze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria B.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Urbanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Boston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe H.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5459-3732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian R.","family":"Abee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6863-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Vanchiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"year":"2018b","article-title":"Release. 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