{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1781617901340,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 DK120515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK120515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017-02918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-02918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diplomonad parasites of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    have adapted to colonizing different hosts, most notably the intestinal tract of mammals. The human-pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species,\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , has been extensively studied at the genome and gene expression level, but no such information is available for other\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Comparative data would be particularly valuable for\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which colonizes mice and is commonly used as a prototypic\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model for investigating host responses to intestinal parasitic infection. Here we report the draft-genome of\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We discovered a highly streamlined genome, amongst the most densely encoded ever described for a nuclear eukaryotic genome.\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>G. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    share many known or predicted virulence factors, including cysteine proteases and a large repertoire of cysteine-rich surface proteins involved in antigenic variation. Different to\n                    <jats:italic>G. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    maintains tandem arrays of pseudogenized surface antigens at the telomeres, whereas intact surface antigens are present centrally in the chromosomes. The two classes of surface antigens engage in genetic exchange. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome suggest significant metabolic differences to\n                    <jats:italic>G. intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Additionally,\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes proteins that might be used to modulate the prokaryotic microbiota. The responsible genes have been introduced in the\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotic sources. Our findings point to important evolutionary steps in the\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genus as it adapted to different hosts and it provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic exploration of host\u2013pathogen interaction in the\n                    <jats:italic>G. muris<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013mouse pathosystem.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T12:42:35Z","timestamp":1593780155000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The compact genome of Giardia muris reveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-1520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feifei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3493-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-5263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin","family":"Einarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0320-6974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1sgeir","family":"\u00c1stvaldsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra","family":"Peirasmaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3075-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan O.","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7392-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Staffan G.","family":"Sv\u00e4rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, 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