{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T01:13:33Z","timestamp":1781140413387,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carbapenemases inactivate most \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and have frequently been reported among\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"family\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3091\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2765\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acinetobacter<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2552\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Traditionally, the horizontal gene transfer of carbapenemase-encoding genes (CEGs) has been linked to plasmids. However, given that integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are possibly the most abundant conjugative elements among prokaryotes, we conducted an\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    analysis to ascertain the likely role of ICEs in the spread of CEGs among all bacterial genomes (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =182\u2009663). We detected 17\u202f520 CEGs, of which 66 were located within putative ICEs among several bacterial species (including clinically relevant bacteria, such as\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2553\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.10789\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3093\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Most CEGs detected within ICEs belong to the IMP, NDM and SPM metallo-beta-lactamase families, and the serine beta-lactamase KPC and GES families. Different mechanisms were likely responsible for acquisition of these genes. The majority of CEG-bearing ICEs belong to the MPF\n                    <jats:sub>G<\/jats:sub>\n                    , MPF\n                    <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n                    and MPF\n                    <jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub>\n                    classes and often encode resistance to other antibiotics (e.g. aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones). This study provides a snapshot of the different CEGs associated with ICEs among available bacterial genomes and sheds light on the underappreciated contribution of ICEs to the spread of carbapenem resistance globally.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T14:14:43Z","timestamp":1598364883000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comprehensive genome data analysis establishes a triple whammy of carbapenemases, ICEs and multiple clinically relevant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2771-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Botelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCIBIO\/REQUIMTE, Laborat\u00f3rio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Present address: Antibiotic Resistance Evolution Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Pl\u00f6n, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1296-5964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0760-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam P.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical 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