{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:40:30Z","timestamp":1791416430075,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16\/136\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPP1034556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1034556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> is an important global pathogen that causes bacterial pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Beta-lactam antibiotics are the first-line treatment for pneumococcal disease, however, their effectiveness is hampered by beta-lactam resistance facilitated by horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) with closely related species. Although interspecies HGT is known to occur among the species of the genus \n \n Streptococcus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, the rates and effects of HGT between \n \n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and its close relatives involving the penicillin binding protein (pbp<\/jats:italic>) genes remain poorly understood. Here we applied the fastGEAR tool to investigate interspecies HGT in pbp<\/jats:italic> genes using a global collection of whole-genome sequences of \n \n Streptococcus mitis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, \n \n Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. With these data, we established that pneumococcal serotypes 6A, 13, 14, 16F, 19A, 19F, 23F and 35B were the highest-ranking serotypes with acquired pbp<\/jats:italic> fragments. \n \n S. mitis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> was a more frequent pneumococcal donor of pbp<\/jats:italic> fragments and a source of higher pbp<\/jats:italic> nucleotide diversity when compared with \n \n S. oralis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. Pneumococci that acquired pbp<\/jats:italic> fragments were associated with a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for penicillin compared with pneumococci without acquired fragments. Together these data indicate that \n \n S. mitis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> contributes to reduced \u03b2-lactam susceptibility among commonly carried pneumococcal serotypes that are associated with long carriage duration and high recombination frequencies. As pneumococcal vaccine programmes mature, placing increasing pressure on the pneumococcal population structure, it will be important to monitor the influence of antimicrobial resistance HGT from commensal streptococci such as \n \n S. mitis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T15:19:05Z","timestamp":1632323945000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that frequently colonise the human nasopharynx are common recipients of penicillin-binding protein gene fragments from Streptococcus mitis"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-658X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akuzike","family":"Kalizang'oma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2108-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrispin","family":"Chaguza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK"},{"name":"Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Silver Street, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6359-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Davison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7004-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Beleza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization, Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Banjul, Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5315-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Beall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0769-5242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goldblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Kwambana-Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8094-3751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4573-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Heyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61204-6"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30721-4"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30247-X"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30043-8"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz481"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1721095115"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051642"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01778-16"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30052-5"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15786-9"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00610"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198545"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu120"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005095"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.009"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2306.170071"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02453-16"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1750377"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085001"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz178"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2565-2571.2001"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.11.006"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171268"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv061"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03182.x"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2075-2081.2001"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.2"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004547"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2895"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06345.x"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00821.x"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01422.x"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1306"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02155.x"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.15.5858"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.22.8842"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1989.tb00108.x"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90612-2"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026082"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/154.4.1439","article-title":"Estimating recombinational parameters in Streptococcus pneumoniae from multilocus sequence typing data","volume":"154","author":"Feil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.37.9.1938"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01723.x"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx066"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr928"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.02.009"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12009"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00429-15"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh026"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302x.2004.00173.x"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.021"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30297-X"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-3-r46"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000186"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.241455.118"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000056"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw290"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000093"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst028"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx173"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2009"},{"key":"R70","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2013"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01334.x"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.08.001"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-4017-7"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007438"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02670"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz404"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-11-3049"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.17.6223-6230.2005"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002683"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01490-14"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3719-5"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1273-1280.2002"},{"key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.46.10.3261-3264.2002"},{"key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01334.x"},{"key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.04.021"},{"key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.9.2631-2634.2001"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617849114"},{"key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01053-16"},{"key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r107"},{"key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2010.04.002"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10668.x"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.2002.1587"},{"key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02646-16"},{"key":"R95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21837-5"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038271"},{"key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)01280-6"},{"key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00040-11"},{"key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171908"},{"key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.11.007"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-11-r103"},{"key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004300"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03199"}],"container-title":["Microbial Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000622?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T22:26:29Z","timestamp":1702592789000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-5858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-5858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}