{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:59:00Z","timestamp":1773961140913,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> is a key contributor to childhood morbidity and mortality in Papua New Guinea (PNG). For the first time, whole genome sequencing of 174 isolates has enabled detailed characterisation of diverse \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> causing invasive disease in young children in PNG, 1989-2014. This study captures the baseline \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> population prior to the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the national childhood immunisation programme in 2014. Relationships amongst lineages, serotypes and antimicrobial resistance traits were characterised, and the population was viewed in the context of a global collection of isolates. The analyses highlighted adiverse \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> population associated with invasive disease in PNG, with 45 unique Global Pneumococcal Sequence Clusters (GPSCs) observed amongst the 174 isolates reflecting multiple lineages observed in PNG that have not been identified in other geographic locations. The majority of isolates were from children with meningitis, of which 52% (n<\/jats:italic>=72) expressed non-PCV13 serotypes. Over a third of isolates were predicted to be resistant to at least one antimicrobial. PCV13 serotype isolates had 10.1 times the odds of being multidrug-resistant (MDR) compared to non-vaccine serotype isolates, and no isolates with GPSCs unique to PNG were MDR. Serotype 2 was the most commonly identified serotype; we identified a highly clonal cluster of serotype 2 isolates unique to PNG, and a distinct second cluster indicative of long-distance transmission. Ongoing surveillance, including whole-genome sequencing, is needed to ascertain the impact of the national PCV13 programme upon the \n \n S. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> population, including serotype replacement and antimicrobial resistance traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T17:17:19Z","timestamp":1657559839000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distinct Streptococcus pneumoniae cause invasive disease in Papua New Guinea"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate C.","family":"Mellor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mition","family":"Yoannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Michael\u2020","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilda","family":"Orami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","first-page":"185","article-title":"The bacteriology of acute pneumonia and meningitis in children in Papua New Guinea: assumptions, facts and technical strategies","volume":"34","author":"Gratten","year":"1991","journal-title":"P N G Med J"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1197-0"},{"key":"R3","first-page":"106","article-title":"Pneumonia research in Papua New Guinea: 1967-1986","volume":"53","author":"Riley","year":"2010","journal-title":"P N G Med J"},{"key":"R4","article-title":"Papua New Guinea Country Profile","year":"2021","journal-title":"WWW Document. 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