{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:37:40Z","timestamp":1787841460705,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"abstract":"\n \n \n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> is a lactic acid bacterium that confers beneficial health effects in humans. However, lately, a number of \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> strains have been linked to the spread of nosocomial infections in the hospital environment. Therefore, any potential commercial usage of \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates should be preceded by an assessment of infection risk. In the current study, the genomes of two novel \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> strains Am1 (larval isolate) and Bee9 (adult bee isolate) isolated from the gut of Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic> L. (honeybee) were sequenced to allow evaluation of their safety. In particular, their genomes were screened for antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes. In addition, their potential to spread resistance in the environment was evaluated. The analysis revealed that Am1 and Bee9 possess 2832 and 2844 protein-encoding genes, respectively. In each case, the genome size was 2.7\u2009Mb with a G+C content of 37.9\u200amol%. Comparative analysis with probiotic, non-pathogenic and pathogenic enterococci revealed that there are variations between the two bee \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates and pathogenic genomes. They were, however, closely linked to the probiotic comparison strains. Phenotypically, the Am1 and Bee9 strains were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, but showed intermediate sensitivity towards erythromycin, linezolid and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole. Notably, no genes associated with antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates (e.g. vancomycin resistance: vanA<\/jats:italic>, vanB<\/jats:italic>, vanS<\/jats:italic>, vanX<\/jats:italic> and vanY<\/jats:italic>) were present. In addition, the insertion sequences (IS16<\/jats:italic>, ISEfa11<\/jats:italic> and ISEfa5<\/jats:italic>), acting as molecular pathogenicity markers in clinically relevant \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> strains, were also absent. Moreover, the analysis revealed the absence of three key pathogenicity-associated genes (acm<\/jats:italic>, sgrA<\/jats:italic>, ecbA<\/jats:italic>) in the Am1 and Bee9 strains that are found in the prominent clinical isolates DO, V1836, Aus0004 and Aus0085. Overall, the findings of this investigation suggest that the \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates from the bee gut have not suffered any recent clinically relevant antibiotic exposure. It also suggests that \n \n E. faecium<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> Am1 and Bee9 are safe potential probiotic strains, because they lack the phenotypic and genetic features associated with strains eliciting nosocomial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T14:20:17Z","timestamp":1668435617000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genomic insights into antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes of Enterococcus faecium strains from the gut of Apis mellifera"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-4780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba A. 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