{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:48:44Z","timestamp":1787010524843,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI047958; R01 AI113287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI047958; R01 AI113287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["DGE-1747503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1747503"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The incidence of gonorrhoea is increasing at an alarming pace, and therapeutic options continue to narrow as a result of worsening drug resistance.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.1910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    is naturally competent, allowing the organism to adapt rapidly to selection pressures including antibiotics. A sub-population of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.1910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    carries the Gonococcal Genetic Island (GGI), which encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS) that secretes chromosomal DNA. Previous research has shown that the GGI increases transformation efficiency\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but the extent to which it contributes to horizontal gene transfer (HGT) during infection is unknown. Here we analysed genomic data from clinical isolates of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.1910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    to better characterize GGI+ and GGI\u2212 sub-populations and to delineate patterns of variation at the locus itself. We found the element segregating at an intermediate frequency (61%), and it appears to act as a mobile genetic element with examples of gain, loss, exchange and intra-locus recombination within our sample. We further found evidence suggesting that GGI+ and GGI\u2212 sub-populations preferentially inhabit distinct niches with different opportunities for HGT. Previously, GGI+ isolates were reported to be associated with more severe clinical infections, and our results suggest this could be related to metal-ion trafficking and biofilm formation. The co-segregation of GGI+ and GGI\u2212 isolates despite mobility of the element suggests that both niches inhabited by\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.1910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    remain important to its overall persistence as has been demonstrated previously for cervical- and urethral-adapted sub-populations. These data emphasize the complex population structure of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.1910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and its capacity to adapt to diverse niches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T12:16:54Z","timestamp":1684757814000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Gonococcal Genetic Island defines distinct sub-populations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-1113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison A.","family":"Youngblom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-0730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail C.","family":"Shockey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3755-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie M.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1711-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Dillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin S.","family":"Pepperell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","article-title":"CDC - Gonorrhea","year":"2021"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.1998.tb05649.x"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04521.x"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05966.x"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02520.x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109613"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1040-x"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009962"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75241-9_13"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00948-10"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2164-8"},{"key":"R12","article-title":"FastQC: A Quality Control tool for High Throughput Sequence Data","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092798"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000056"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj030"},{"key":"R21","article-title":"The BLAST Sequence Analysis ToolThe NCBI Handbook [Internet]. National Center for Biotechnology Information (US)","author":"Madden","year":"2003"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq413"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1196"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx610"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12628","article-title":"Ggtree: an R package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1108-8"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex042"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223364"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0997-x"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa390"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-646-7_10"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-13-27"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1229"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6511-6"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.831336"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04964.x"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06650.x"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01922.x"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02460.x"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00108-17"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-7-66"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00094-12"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.16.4718-4726.2001"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00531-07"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02098-12"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00519-21"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12291"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-018-1272-4"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(02)00665-7"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa323"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9693-3"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.09.006"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000706"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab028"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2009.12.001"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(01)02098-4"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.053710-0"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.045807-0"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.169"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00075"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17980-1"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1964-1970.2005"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593336"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00171-15"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/335351a0"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.084475"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00186-18"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04662-0"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/165.4.1641"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7845"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65924"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.05535-11"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3218"}],"container-title":["Microbial Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000985?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T12:17:00Z","timestamp":1684757820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000985","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-5858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-5858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]}}}