{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:44:28Z","timestamp":1774791868409,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SOFI 2021 grant\u2014\u201cPReventing the Emergence of untreatable STIs via radical Prevention\u201d (PRESTIP)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"abstract":"The PorB porins are the major pore-forming proteins in the genus \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. The trimeric PorB porins consist of 16 highly conserved transmembrane domains that form an amphipathic \u03b2-sheet connected by short periplasmic turns and eight extracellular hydrophilic loops. These loops are immunogenic and also play an important role in mediating antimicrobial influx. This study sought to (i) characterize the variations in Neisserial loop 3(355\u2013438\u2009bp) associated with intermediate resistance to penicillin\/tetracycline and (ii) evaluate if there was evidence of horizontal gene transfer in any of the loops. We collated an integrated database consisting of 19\u200a018 \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. genomes \u2013 17\u200a882 \n \n Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>, 114 \n \n Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and 1022 commensal \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. To identify the porB<\/jats:italic> alleles, a gene-by-gene approach (chewBBACA) was employed. To evaluate the presence of recombination events, the Recombination Detection Programme (RDP4) was used. In total, 3885 porB<\/jats:italic> alleles were detected. Paralogues were identified in 17 \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates. Putative recombination was identified in loop regions. Intraspecies recombination among \n \n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates and interspecies recombination between \n \n N. meningitidis<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and commensal \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp., and \n \n N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> and \n \n N. lactamica<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> were identified. Here, we present a large-scale study of 19\u200a018 \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> isolates to describe recombination and variation in the porB gene. Importantly, we found putative recombination in loop regions between the pathogenic and non-pathogenic \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. These findings suggest the need for pheno- and genotypic surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility in commensal \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> spp. to prevent the emergence of AMR in the pathogenic \n \n Neisseria<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. 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