{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:34:16Z","timestamp":1790843656609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693958400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000354","name":"Food Standards Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Project No. FS101055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. FS101055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"BBSRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["grant no: BB\/P02095X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no: BB\/P02095X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For the last two decades, the human infection frequency of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3093\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> O157 (O157) in Scotland has been 2.5-fold higher than in England and Wales. Results from national cattle surveys conducted in Scotland and England and Wales in 2014\/2015 were combined with data on reported human clinical cases from the same time frame to determine if strain differences in national populations of O157 in cattle could be associated with higher human infection rates in Scotland. Shiga toxin subtype (Stx) and phage type (PT) were examined within and between host (cattle vs human) and nation (Scotland vs England and Wales). For a subset of the strains, whole genome sequencing (WGS) provided further insights into geographical and host association. All three major O157 lineages (I, II, I\/II) and most sub-lineages (Ia, Ib, Ic, IIa, IIb, IIc) were represented in cattle and humans in both nations. While the relative contribution of different reservoir hosts to human infection is unknown, WGS analysis indicated that the majority of O157 diversity in human cases was captured by isolates from cattle. Despite comparable cattle O157 prevalence between nations, strain types were localized. PT21\/28 (sub-lineage Ic, Stx2a+) was significantly more prevalent in Scottish cattle [odds ratio (OR) 8.7 (2.3\u201333.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001] and humans [OR 2.2 (1.5\u20133.2); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001]. In England and Wales, cattle had a significantly higher association with sub-lineage IIa strains [PT54, Stx2c; OR 5.6 (1.27\u201333.3); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.011] while humans were significantly more closely associated with sub-lineage IIb [PT8, Stx1 and Stx2c; OR 29 (4.9\u20131161); <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001]. Therefore, cattle farms in Scotland were more likely to harbour Stx2a+O157 strains compared to farms in E and W (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). There was evidence of limited cattle strain migration between nations and clinical isolates from one nation were more similar to cattle isolates from the same nation, with sub-lineage Ic (mainly PT21\/28) exhibiting clear national association and evidence of local transmission in Scotland. While we propose the higher rate of O157 clinical cases in Scotland, compared to England and Wales, is a consequence of the nationally higher level of Stx2a+O157 strains in Scottish cattle, we discuss the multiple additional factors that may also contribute to the different infection rates between these nations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T16:19:38Z","timestamp":1694017178000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analysis of Escherichia coli O157 strains in cattle and humans between Scotland and England &amp; Wales: implications for human health"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margo","family":"Chase-Topping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Dallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London NW9 5HT, UK"},{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish E. coli O157\/STEC Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadejda","family":"Lupolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1536-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Tongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland\u2019s Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland\u2019s Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland\u2019s Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland\u2019s Rural College, Inverness IV2 5NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom N.","family":"McNeilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"},{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Smith-Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Scotland, Glasgow G2 6QE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish E. coli O157\/STEC Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish E. coli O157\/STEC Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scottish E. coli O157\/STEC Reference Laboratory, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Woolhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Didelot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, London NW9 5HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Gally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and food: attribution, characterization and monitoring. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations World Health organisation"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2013.1704"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00273"},{"key":"R4","article-title":"Verocytotoxin Escherichia coli-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000029"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.4.1800346"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-13"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010004"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820001582"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180409"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00089-1"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6534.1513"},{"key":"R13","journal-title":"STEC in Scotland: enhanced surveillance and reference laboratory data, 2019 annual report. STEC in Scotland, 2019. Enhanced surveillance and reference laboratory data - STEC in Scotland: enhanced surveillance and reference laboratory data - Publications - Public Health Scotland"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268822000206"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001229"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.51.3.221"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.4.1800346"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151485"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-276"},{"key":"R20","journal-title":"E. coli O157 Super-Shedding in Cattle and Mitigation of Human Risk 2018"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817002151"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2188-y"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp698"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1196"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa131"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.739"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty212"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.190496"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1975"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0030-1299.14714.x"},{"key":"R34","author":"Mitchell","year":"2020","journal-title":"rdiversity: measurement and partitioning of similarity-sensitive biodiversity"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000544"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01690-06"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008003"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2009.10.002"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01877-14"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0950268802008208"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.08.024"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2010.02.001"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02390.x"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-95"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1470-z"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00763"},{"key":"R47","year":"2020","journal-title":"The risk of STEC (Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli) contamination in wild venison"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881800256X"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002918"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-99"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.021"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000746"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820001582"}],"container-title":["Microbial Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001090?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T16:19:45Z","timestamp":1694017185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-5858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-5858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]}}}