{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:03:58Z","timestamp":1784862238638,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["218205\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218205\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["214374\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosaic <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> alleles formed through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) have been instrumental to the rising incidence of ceftriaxone-resistant gonococcal infections. Although interspecies HGT of regions of the <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> gene between <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and commensal <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> species has been described, knowledge concerning which species are the most common contributors to mosaic <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> alleles is limited, with most studies examining only a small number of alleles. Here, we investigated the origins of recombinant <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> alleles through <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> analyses that incorporated 1700 <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> alleles from 35\u200a513 <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> isolates, comprising 15 different <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> species. We identified <jats:italic>Neisseria subflava<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria cinerea<\/jats:italic> as the most common source of recombinant sequences in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae penA<\/jats:italic>. This contrasted with <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis penA<\/jats:italic>, for which the primary source of recombinant DNA was other meningococci, followed by <jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, we described the distribution of polymorphisms implicated in antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic>, and found that these are present across the genus. These results provide insight into resistance-related changes in the <jats:italic>penA<\/jats:italic> gene across human-associated <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> species, illustrating the importance of genomic surveillance of not only the pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>, but also of the oral niche-associated commensals from which these pathogens are sourcing key genetic variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T15:16:49Z","timestamp":1708528609000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Characterizing the diversity and commensal origins of penA mosaicism in the genus Neisseria"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Unitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, 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