{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:17:49Z","timestamp":1790965069627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> are resistant to the critically important third- and fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotics and present a risk to animal and human health. In Zimbabwe, there is an evidence gap concerning the prevalence and diversity of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in poultry. In this study, we screened for ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> at farms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=50) and markets (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=10) using MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 \u00b5g ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ceftriaxone. ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were detected at every market and at 21 farms, giving a farm-level prevalence of 42%. Seventy isolates were obtained and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, whilst 69 of these were further analysed by whole-genome sequencing. A total of eight distinct <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub> variants were identified, and 69 out of 70 isolates were multidrug-resistant. Genomic analysis revealed evidence for clonal expansion of an ESBL-producing clone and horizontal gene transfer via plasmids being responsible for the dissemination of ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. Geographic Information System mapping was used to visualize the distribution of the ESBL-producing clones. For example, ST1141 isolates were clonal, having a highly conserved core genome, and harboured <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> and 11 additional antimicrobial resistance genes on a ~338 kbp IncHI2 plasmid which was not present in other isolates. This clone was present at nine farms. In contrast, a conserved ~93 kbp IncFII plasmid harbouring <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:sub>CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub> was present in isolates from three different multilocus sequence types obtained from six farms. This study provides insight into the burden and distribution of ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> at poultry farms in Zimbabwe and provides molecular genetic evidence for clonal expansion and plasmid transfer as being important mechanisms for the dissemination of ESBL-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in this setting. This study underscores the importance of adopting measures, such as prudent antimicrobial use and farm biosecurity, that can limit the development and dissemination of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T16:17:12Z","timestamp":1752855432000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in poultry in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Katsande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Technical Services, 18A Bevan Building, Liberation Legacy Way, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alistair R.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Chisnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kudzaishe","family":"Vhoko-Tapesana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Block 1, Tendeseka Office Park, Eastlea, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Willcocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Biology, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenai S.","family":"Majuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Masvingo Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Masvingo, H. 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