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Genus\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo<\/jats:italic>\n                    is considered the closest free-living lineage to the parasitic lineages\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agents of the human diseases sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Currently, a single genome exists for the one formally described species in the genus,\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo saltans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Previous studies on\n                    <jats:italic>B. saltans<\/jats:italic>\n                    have shown that it is dependent on an endosymbiotic bacterium from the order Holosporales, \u2018\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Bodocaedibacter vickermanii\u2019. Using single-cell sequencing, we isolated, sequenced and assembled genomes for seven uncultured\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cells from a freshwater sample from Royal Leamington Spa, UK. Using comparative genomics, we show that these seven cells represent three potentially novel\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo<\/jats:italic>\n                    species exhibiting unexpected levels of diversity at the genome level. Our results indicate that small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing, often used to classify\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo<\/jats:italic>\n                    flagellates, is insufficient for determining species delimitation in this genus. In addition, we recovered a Holosporales bacterium genome from all seven\n                    <jats:italic>Bodo<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. cells. Surprisingly, these seven endosymbionts also represent three novel species, congruent with the phylogeny of the host and exhibiting lineage-specific adaptations. This diversity and host\u2013symbiont association would be indistinguishable in routinely used metabarcoding or bulk sequencing pipelines, thus demonstrating the power of single-cell sequencing to reveal diversity within lineages of microbial eukaryotes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:16:46Z","timestamp":1773836206000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-cell sequencing reveals unexpected genetic diversity among Bodo spp. flagellates and their bacterial endosymbionts"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5851-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally D.","family":"Warring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, 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