{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:48:01Z","timestamp":1788292081736,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003921","name":"Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"IAATO","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite Antarctica\u2019s geographic isolation, the first incursion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 was detected in the 2023\/2024 austral summer. Surveillance for HPAI H5N1 in Antarctica remains patchy due to logistical, financial and infrastructure challenges, with many suspected cases remaining unconfirmed and few viral genome sequences available to date. Through the 2024\/2025 austral summer, we undertook five sampling expeditions to the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula facilitated by cruise ships\/operators. Across more than 500 faecal environmental samples collected from apparently healthy penguins and marine mammals, we found no detectable evidence of HPAI H5N1. However, HPAI H5N1 was detected in all but one of the skua carcasses sampled, which, in most cases, were found within metres of penguin sub-colonies. All HPAI H5N1 viral genome sequences from skuas on the Antarctic Peninsula fell within a single lineage, which included those genomes from skuas sampled in the 2024\/2025 season from the South Shetland Islands. Genomes were in a different clade to those from the Antarctic Peninsula collected in the 2023\/2024 austral summer. Our results confirm that although the prevalence may be low, HPAI H5N1 is recurring in Antarctica, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance to monitor and mitigate threats to wildlife, even in the planet\u2019s most isolated regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:32:19Z","timestamp":1786721539000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skuas as sentinels of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 on the Antarctic Peninsula in the 2024\/2025 austral summer"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5629-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Wille","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intrepid Travel, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consulting Antarctica, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Mo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hope-Inglis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intrepid Travel, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"McCulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intrepid Travel, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Varsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri","family":"Visentin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meagan","family":"Dewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Regions Research Centre, Federation University of Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13281"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01189-4"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02182-x"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6589046\/v1"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.70052"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41182-0"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51490-8"},{"key":"R9","article-title":"Cient\u00edficos del Centro de Biolog\u00eda Molecular Severo Ochoa del CSIC confirman la presencia por primera vez en la Ant\u00e1rtida del virus de la Gripe Aviar Altamente Patog\u00e9nica. Accessed 29\/20\/2025","year":"2024"},{"key":"R10","article-title":"Sub-Antarctic and Antarctic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Monitoring Project. Accessed 29\/10\/2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64297-y"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.06.674618"},{"key":"R13","article-title":"Joint media release: Confirmation of H5 bird flu on sub-Antarctic Heard Island","author":"Watt","year":"2025"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09014-7"},{"key":"R15","article-title":"Updated biological risk assessment and recommendations for highly pathogenicity avian influenza in Antarctica. Report prepared for Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research","year":"2024"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2024.2396563"},{"key":"R17","article-title":"The spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 to Antarctica","author":"Wille","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antarctic Environ Portal"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01868-7"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.13.648652"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.04.697571"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.11.005"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.14.480463"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2022.114454"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.06.687052"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00041-25"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3030-6"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss075"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr232"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi103"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53766-5"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu4909"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.20.713283"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6727501\/v1"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.09.06.674605"},{"key":"R40","article-title":"Falkland Islands seabird monitoring programme annual report 2023\/2024 2024:73 pages","author":"Kuepfer"},{"key":"R41","article-title":"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza confirmed among Black-browed Albatrosses on Beauch\u00eane Island in the South Atlantic","year":"2025"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020212"},{"key":"R43","first-page":"312","article-title":"Avian influenza leads to mass mortality of adult great skuas in foula in summer 2022","volume":"42","author":"Camphuysen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scotish Birds"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.25.650384"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2399970"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020280"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121548"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.02.640960"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3108.250186"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1423404"},{"key":"R51","article-title":"Updated biological risk assessment and recommendations for highly pathogenicity avian influenza in Antarctica. SCAR Bulletin","author":"Dewar","year":"2024"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63172\/418704kpqqkj"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14030305"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63172\/163937ahatwg"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d15050638"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-016-1980-4"},{"key":"R57","first-page":"103","article-title":"Low numbers and apparent long-term stability of south polar skuas Stercorarius maccormicki at commonwealth bay, Antarctica","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marine Ornithol"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4083839"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-03-067","article-title":"Avian influenza H5N8 outbreak in African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus), Namibia, 2019","volume":"56","author":"Molini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106206"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14651-3"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2805.211580"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40921-z"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01397-5"}],"container-title":["Microbial Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001724?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:32:23Z","timestamp":1786721543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001724","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-5858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-5858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}