{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:03:40Z","timestamp":1784225020167,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.K.R.I","award":["NE\/S012346\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/S012346\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Maternally inherited symbionts are central to arthropod biology, functioning both as mutualistic partners and as reproductive parasites. Genomic analyses provide critical insight into these interactions. Here, we sequenced, assembled and examined the genomes of\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-infecting the lacewing\n                    <jats:italic>Mallada desjardinsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with the aim of elucidating the male-killing phenotype of\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and predicting potential phenotypes for\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we identified a set of candidate effector genes. However, Spaid-like genes, where present, lacked the functional domains previously demonstrated to be important for male-killing. The\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome contained two\n                    <jats:italic>cifA\/cifB<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene pairs, consistent with the capacity to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Unexpectedly, both symbiont genomes were markedly expanded relative to congenerics. We describe this pattern \u2013 that contrasts with the classical trajectory of genome reduction in symbionts \u2013 as secondary genome expansion. Expansion was driven by extensive proliferation of mobile elements:\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    harboured an exceptionally high number of insertion sequences, while\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    accumulated both insertion sequences and prophage regions. Collectively, our findings indicate that the canonical Spaid-mediated male-killing mechanism is not conserved in the\n                    <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>M. desjardinsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while\n                    <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    may induce CI. Moreover, the parallel genome expansions observed suggest that secondary expansion events may be influenced by host-associated factors rather than occurring stochastically.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T17:16:19Z","timestamp":1784222179000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the genomes of a male-killing Spiroplasma and its co-infecting Rickettsia reveals a case of concerted genome expansion"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7747-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily A.","family":"Hornett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7461-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Nagamine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1307-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology & Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Kageyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7163-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory D. 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