{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:28:32Z","timestamp":1786724912140,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["113871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113871"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Recent outbreaks of gastrointestinal symptoms among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) have been caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    carrying\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-27<\/jats:sub>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    . To date, the\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    variant has not been associated with sexually transmitted shigellosis in the UK.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Routine surveillance identified an outbreak\n                    <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    among men in England in June 2025. Short-read sequencing data were analysed to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants and to investigate the phylogenetic context of the outbreak. Long-read Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing data were analysed to characterize the AMR-encoding plasmid content.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Of the 83\u2009cases linked to the outbreak cluster, 91.5% were adult males and none reported recent travel outside Europe; these outbreak characteristics (specifically adult male, no travel) are consistent with transmission among European GBMSM networks (Mitchell\n                    <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 2019, Mitchell\n                    <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 2021). Phylogenetic analysis placed the outbreak cluster within a wider clade historically associated with travel to the Middle East. The outbreak isolates were MDR; 90.4% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =75\/83) had\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    located on an IncI1B\/O plasmid. This is the first report of the IncI1B\/O plasmid type and\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in GBMSM-associated MDR\n                    <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    in England.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Acquisition of the IncI1B\/O plasmid encoding\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-3<\/jats:sub>\n                    represents an independent evolutionary event, separate from previously described GBMSM epidemics driven by acquisition of IncFII plasmids encoding\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-27<\/jats:sub>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n                    . This study provides further evidence of the parallel emergence of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                    variants conferring resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins. Whole-genome sequencing based surveillance and routine susceptibility testing of MDR\n                    <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                    are essential, as this pathogen continues to diversify and spread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:32:17Z","timestamp":1786721537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of an outbreak of Shigella sonnei bla\n            CTX-M-3 among men in England, 2025\u201326, using long- and short-read whole-genome sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jake D.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK Health Security Agency, London, NW9 5HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David 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