{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:03:19Z","timestamp":1790182999795,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","award":["BB\/W003538\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/W003538\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cwqg982","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","award":["BB\/S009825\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S009825\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cwqg982","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    are filamentous cyanobacteria that include bloom-forming, nitrogen-fixing species with major ecological and biotechnological relevance. Owing to their metabolic diversity, nitrogen-fixing capabilities and nutritional profile, they hold potential for various biotechnological applications including the production of nutraceuticals and biofertilizers. However, the capacity of certain\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    species to produce cyanotoxins also raises health concerns. This study provides a comparative bioinformatic analysis of 161\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and three newly sequenced\n                    <jats:italic>Aphanizomenon flos-aquae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) strains, including Klamath\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with a focus on taxonomy, cyanotoxin-associated biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), natural competence, restriction-modification systems and vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    metabolism. Our analysis supports reassessment of several\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -labelled genomes and refines the boundaries of the core\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    cluster. Cyanotoxin-associated BGCs, specifically for anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, cylindrospermopsin and microcystin\/nodularin, were detected in only 7.3% of the genomes. Natural competence genes required for horizontal gene transfer were found in 89.6% of the genomes, although the presence of multiple restriction-modification system-associated proteins in\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, especially\n                    <jats:italic>Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Dolichospermum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Nostoc<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. may limit foreign gene acquisition. Additionally, ~30% of the genomes harbour a shared\n                    <jats:italic>btu<\/jats:italic>\n                    operon arrangement associated with B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    import, observed here across multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    genera. B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    content in the\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains was measured at ~0.4\u20130.5\u2009\u00b5g\u2009g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    dry biomass and is likely linked to associated B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    -producing bacteria. Fluorescent B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    analogue uptake experiments in NIES 4052 and Klamath\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    support a model for the uptake of exogenous B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    in these strains. Together with the detection of cobalamin-producing commensal bacteria, this suggests that B\n                    <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    biomass may be linked to cyanobacterium\u2013bacteria interactions. Overall, this study provides a genomic and experimental framework for evaluating the taxonomy, safety, genetic tractability and nutritional potential of\n                    <jats:italic>AFA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and related\n                    <jats:italic>Nostocales<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1790180178000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic insights into the taxonomy, safety and biotechnological potential of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and related Nostocales"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0879-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel D.","family":"Scoglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7499-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2743-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry O.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9342-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saul","family":"Purton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10050071"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2015.09.007"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800776-1.00033-9"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517443"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814667-5.00016-7"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026506713560","article-title":"Harvesting of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae Ralfs ex Born","volume":"12","author":"Carmichael","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.06.004"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9089016"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03214-0"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02024"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1004405"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2021.102005"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4088"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040248"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004166029866"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-009-0030-4"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63276-0"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.05.009"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2021.102037"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5507\/fot.2009.005"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-8274-2737-3","volume-title":"S\u00fc\u00dfwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 19\/3: Cyanoprokaryota 3","author":"Kom\u00e1rek","year":"2013"},{"key":"R22","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Nitrogen fixing biofertilizers; mechanism and growth promotion: a review","volume":"9","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01714-10"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2020.100737"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life6040042"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00997-21"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life10110249"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.108336","article-title":"Alternative proteins and EU food law","volume":"130","author":"L\u00e4hteenm\u00e4ki-Uutela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1816"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-6953-2_2"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/60451"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.02.041"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062300r"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094522"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00476-16"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071618100650461"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.06.021"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0541-1"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3103"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv638"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7359"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-00971-x"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01237-8"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr703"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03940-5"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.276"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1092"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad344"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3304"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac672"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt509"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.51"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000685"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16035","article-title":"Exploring the onset of b(12) -based mutualisms using a recently evolved chlamydomonas auxotroph and b(12) -producing bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Bunbury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2018.04.012"},{"key":"R66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5296-5303.2002"},{"key":"R67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038757"},{"key":"R68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md11040991"},{"key":"R69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md8072185"},{"key":"R70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400590889412"},{"key":"R71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03652-x"},{"key":"R72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-2738-7"},{"key":"R73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01121"},{"key":"R74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02729.x"},{"key":"R75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06022-11"},{"key":"R76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9024353"},{"key":"R77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014657"},{"key":"R78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90120-0"},{"key":"R79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00353-08"},{"key":"R80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110632"},{"key":"R81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.11.6353-6362.2004"},{"key":"R82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06816.x"},{"key":"R83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01963"},{"key":"R84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md8051650"},{"key":"R85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102277"},{"key":"R86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.07.036"},{"key":"R87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13182463"},{"key":"R88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.11.021"},{"key":"R89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139807"},{"key":"R90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01259"},{"key":"R91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01249-7"},{"key":"R92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01293-13"},{"key":"R93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.08.058"},{"key":"R94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234440"},{"key":"R95","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Heidorn","year":"2011"},{"key":"R96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602013000400009"},{"key":"R97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-257-1_11"},{"key":"R98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.5.1561"},{"key":"R99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(88)67086-8"},{"key":"R100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0864-9"},{"key":"R101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-613"},{"key":"R102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad452"},{"key":"R103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112603"},{"key":"R104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217746612","article-title":"Vitamin b(12) sources and microbial interaction","volume":"243","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"R105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01892-07"},{"key":"R106","article-title":"A first study for the establishment of a source of vitamin B12 as of the genetic modification of the cyanobacteria arthrospira platensis","author":"Lechuga Morente","year":"2021"},{"key":"R107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00475-16"},{"key":"R108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01815-7"},{"key":"R109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.3.706-717.2002"},{"key":"R110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.1770"},{"key":"R111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2010.05.025"},{"key":"R112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04056"},{"key":"R113","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of Freshwater Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria and Associated Organisms","author":"Driscoll","year":"2016"},{"key":"R114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-017-0224-8"},{"key":"R115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00036-12"},{"key":"R116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831.79.2.117"},{"key":"R117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.036988-0"},{"key":"R118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(00)00021-1"}],"container-title":["Microbial Genomics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001832?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:16:20Z","timestamp":1790180180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-5858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-5858","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}