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Doses of C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (1\u00d7105<\/jats:sup> larva\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (1\u00d7104<\/jats:sup> larva\u22121<\/jats:sup>) were non-lethal in mono-infection but when combined significantly (P<\/jats:italic><0.05) reduced larval survival at 24, 48 and 72\u2009h relative to larvae receiving \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (2\u00d7104<\/jats:sup> larva\u22121<\/jats:sup>) alone. Co-infected larvae displayed a significantly higher density of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> larva\u22121<\/jats:sup> compared to larvae infected solely with \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. Co-infection resulted in dissemination throughout the host and the appearance of large nodules. Co-infection of larvae with C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> (2\u00d7104<\/jats:sup> larva\u22121<\/jats:sup>) resulted in an increase in the density of circulating haemocytes compared to that in larvae infected with only \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic>. Proteomic analysis of co-infected larval haemolymph revealed increased abundance of proteins associated with immune responses to bacterial and fungal infection such as cecropin-A (+45.4-fold), recognition proteins [e.g. peptidoglycan-recognition protein LB (+14-fold)] and proteins associated with nodule formation [e.g. Hdd11 (+33.3-fold)]. A range of proteins were also decreased in abundance following co-infection, including apolipophorin (\u221262.4-fold), alpha-esterase 45 (\u22127.7-fold) and serine proteinase (\u22126.2-fold). Co-infection of larvae resulted in enhanced proliferation of \n \n S. aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:named-content>\n <\/jats:italic> compared to mono-infection and an immune response showing many similarities to the innate immune response of mammals to infection. The utility of G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae for studying polymicrobial infection is highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T16:13:31Z","timestamp":1582042411000},"page":"375-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Candida albicans increases the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus during polymicrobial infection of Galleria mellonella larvae"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. 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