{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:43:41Z","timestamp":1791899021190,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006686","name":"Miami University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DUOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUOS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The atypical bacterial pathogen <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> is a leading etiological agent of community-acquired pneumonia in humans; infections are often recalcitrant, recurrent and resistant to antibiotic treatment. These characteristics suggest a mechanism that facilitates long-term colonization in hosts. In an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> setting, <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> forms biofilms that are unusual in that motility plays no more than a very limited role in their formation and development. Given the unusual nature of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> biofilms, open questions remain concerning phenotypes associated with persistence, such as what properties might favour the bacteria while minimizing host damage. <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> also produces several cytotoxic molecules including community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, but how it deploys these agents during growth is unknown. Whereas several biochemical techniques for biofilm disruption were ineffective, sonication was required for disruption of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> biofilms to generate individual cells for comparative studies, suggesting unusual physical properties likely related to the atypical cell envelope. Nonetheless, like for other bacteria, biofilms were less susceptible to antibiotic inhibition and complement killing than dispersed cells, with resistance increasing as the biofilms matured. CARDS toxin levels and enzymatic activities associated with H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production were highest during early biofilm formation and decreased over time, suggesting attenuation of virulence in connection with chronic infection. Collectively, these findings result in a model of how <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> biofilms contribute to both the establishment and propagation of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.4716\" xlink:type=\"simple\">M. pneumoniae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> infections, and how both biofilm towers and individual cells participate in persistence and chronic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T16:16:05Z","timestamp":1589818565000},"page":"629-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Mycoplasma pneumoniae biofilms grown in vitro: traits associated with persistence and cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0476-7896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical College, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8772-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Schaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Present address: Hudson College of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health 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