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Despite similar structures, these two antibiotic classes have distinct modes of action and clinical uses. The polymyxins target lipopolysaccharide in the membranes of most Gram-negative species and are often used to treat infections caused by carbapenem-resistant species such as <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.3093\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2767\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2553\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic>. By contrast, the lipopeptide daptomycin requires membrane phosphatidylglycerol for activity and is only used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria such as methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.11043\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, despite having distinct targets, both antibiotic classes cause membrane disruption, are potently bactericidal <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and share similarities in resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, there are concerns about the efficacy of these antibiotics, and there is increasing interest in using both polymyxins and daptomycin in combination therapies to improve patient outcomes. In this review article, we will explore what is known about these distinct but structurally similar classes of antibiotics, discuss recent advances in the field and highlight remaining gaps in our knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T12:16:02Z","timestamp":1643976962000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":120,"title":["Polymyxin and lipopeptide antibiotics: membrane-targeting drugs of last resort"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth V. 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