{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:16:51Z","timestamp":1772245011626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["310030_185022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_185022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["724630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["724630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["55008726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55008726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> is a pathogen that causes disease in millions of people every year by colonizing the small intestine and then secreting the potent cholera toxin. How the pathogen overcomes the colonization barrier created by the host\u2019s natural microbiota is, however, still not well understood. In this context, the type VI secretion system (T6SS) has gained considerable attention given its ability to mediate interbacterial killing. Interestingly, and in contrast to non-pandemic or environmental <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> isolates, strains that are causing the ongoing cholera pandemic (7PET clade) are considered T6SS-silent under laboratory conditions. Since this idea was recently challenged, we performed a comparative <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study on T6SS activity using diverse strains or regulatory mutants. We show that modest T6SS activity is detectable in most of the tested strains under interbacterial competition conditions. The system\u2019s activity was also observed through immunodetection of the T6SS tube protein Hcp in culture supernatants, a phenotype that can be masked by the strains\u2019 haemagglutinin\/protease. We further investigated the low T6SS activity within the bacterial populations by imaging 7PET <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> at the single-cell level. The micrographs showed the production of the machinery in only a small fraction of cells within the population. This sporadic T6SS production was higher at 30 \u00b0C than at 37 \u00b0C and occurred independently of the known regulators TfoX and TfoY but was dependent on the VxrAB two-component system. Overall, our work provides new insight into the heterogeneity of T6SS production in populations of 7PET <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> strains <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and provides a possible explanation of the system\u2019s low activity in bulk measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T17:16:35Z","timestamp":1683134195000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sporadic type VI secretion in seventh pandemic Vibrio cholerae"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Prouti\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia C.","family":"Drebes D\u00f6rr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loriane","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale 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