{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T14:28:40Z","timestamp":1771079320551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No.102\/IFD\/SAN\/5603\/2018-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.102\/IFD\/SAN\/5603\/2018-2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are a critical public health concern across the globe. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the horizontal acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria. In this study, we have decoded the whole genome sequences of multidrug-resistant <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> clinical isolates carrying the ARG-linked SXT, an integrative and conjugative element, in their large chromosomes. As in others, the SXT element has been found integrated into the 5\u2032-end of the <jats:italic>prfC<\/jats:italic> gene (which encodes peptide chain release factor 3 involved in translational regulation) on the large chromosome of <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 strains. Further, we demonstrate the functionality of SXT-linked <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>strAB<\/jats:italic> genes, which confer resistance to chloramphenicol and streptomycin, respectively. The <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic> gene-encoded protein FloR belongs to the major facilitator superfamily efflux transporter containing 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs). Deletion analysis confirmed that even a single TMD of FloR is critical for the export function of chloramphenicol. The <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic> gene has two putative promoters, P1 and P2. Sequential deletions reveal that P2 is responsible for the expression of the <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>. Deletion analysis of the N- and\/or C-terminal coding regions of <jats:italic>strA<\/jats:italic> established their importance for conferring resistance against streptomycin. Interestingly, qPCR analysis of the <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>strA<\/jats:italic> genes indicated that both of the genes are constitutively expressed in <jats:italic>\n                     <jats:named-content content-type=\"species\">\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1601\/nm.2947\" xlink:type=\"simple\">V. cholerae<\/jats:ext-link>\n                     <\/jats:named-content>\n                  <\/jats:italic> cells. Further, whole genome-based global phylogeography confirmed the presence of the integrative and conjugative element SXT in non-O1\/non-O139 strains despite being non-multidrug resistant by lacking antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene cassettes, which needs monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T16:17:11Z","timestamp":1704471431000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genomic and functional insights into antibiotic resistance genes floR and strA linked with the SXT element of Vibrio cholerae non-O1\/non-O139"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Mousumi","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), Kolkata-700032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agila Kumari","family":"Pragasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhabatosh","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Microbial Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupak K.","family":"Bhadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), Kolkata-700032, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01571061"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.14.4157-4165.1996"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2006.01.001"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65S","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.4.x","article-title":"Active efflux, a common mechanism for biocide and antibiotic resistance","volume":"92 Suppl","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7243\/2052-7993-2-1"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05544.x"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01620-07"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.4.1124-1132.2001"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01330.x"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.148-154.1999"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31391-4"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00369"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.19.2.294"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13586.x"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001126"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh273"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200464020-00004"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx342"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.04.001"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2965-2971.2005"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.110720"},{"key":"R23","volume-title":"Current Protocol in Molecular Biology","author":"Ausubel","year":"1989"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-007-0312-z"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000743"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000469"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00518-12"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02021-07"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.10.002"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239"},{"key":"R35","article-title":"Snippy: rapid haploid variant calling and core SNP phylogeny","author":"Seemann","year":"2015"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2389-2394.2003"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46655-0"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22733"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108728"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2007.01502.x"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00509-16"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.139.3.877-882.1979"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180200006"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11133.x"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-275"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169324"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06653.x"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.16.4672-4682.2003"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn542"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.001424?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T16:17:13Z","timestamp":1704471433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.001424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.001424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}}}