{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:08:44Z","timestamp":1792120124820,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Microbiology Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021\/43\/D\/NZ6\/01464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/D\/NZ6\/01464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of diseases caused by pathogenic fungi of the <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> genus is currently a significant problem, particularly due to the emerging antifungal drug resistance and increasing number of immunocompromised individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections. Recently, it has been shown that fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) \u2013 nanometre-sized structures of cellular origin, equipped with varied cargo enclosed by lipid bilayer \u2013 may play a vital role in the response of pathogen cells to antifungal treatment. In this work, we demonstrated that <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> yeast cells grown at the subinhibitory concentrations of three commonly used antifungal drugs \u2013 amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin \u2013 released a greater number of EVs than fungal cells grown under drug-free conditions. Moreover, these EVs exhibited some variability in size and protein composition, yet they consistently induced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 by THP-1 macrophage-like cells at levels comparable to control EVs. In studies using the invertebrate model organism <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>, EVs released by cells exposed to antifungals did not cause a significant increase in larval mortality, similar to control EVs, although they triggered a remarkably lower activation of phenol oxidase in larval haemolymph. In addition, EVs produced in the presence of caspofungin interacted more noticeably with the membrane of U-937 pro-monocytic cells as indicated by measurements of zeta potential changes. Furthermore, tested EVs contributed to increased tolerance of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> cells to the antifungal drugs. These observations underscore the unmissable role of EVs in the response of pathogen cells to antifungal treatment and highlight the importance of understanding EV functionalities in antifungal resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:16:30Z","timestamp":1749741390000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Functional properties of Candida albicans extracellular vesicles released in the presence of the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole and caspofungin"],"prefix":"10.1099","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Kamila","family":"Kulig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Rudolphi-Szydlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Barbasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Surowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Wronowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kowalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Satala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazyna","family":"Bras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Barczyk-Woznicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Karnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Pyza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Zuba-Surma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rapala-Kozik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Karkowska-Kuleta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"345","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00021-23","article-title":"Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens","volume":"88","author":"Katsipoulaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae045"},{"key":"R3","article-title":"Antifungal agents. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Chapter 76","author":"Dixon","year":"1996"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(03)00117-3"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176131"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomedchemau.2c00055"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00286"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2015.51.12.2421058"},{"key":"R9","first-page":"528","article-title":"Echinocandins--new antifungal agents","volume":"118","author":"Stan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2050224"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00199"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00720-1"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2022.151205"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101487"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105233"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2211424119"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006872"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26525-z"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.879237"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9111078"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528521"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2098058"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00870-23"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417179"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10085-3"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071722"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153789"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20145625"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060161n"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2015_1140"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1524-5"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1038"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2012-4-1-78-81","article-title":"Monitoring of the zeta potential of human cells upon reduction in their viability and interaction with polymers","volume":"4","author":"Bondar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"R34","first-page":"66","article-title":"Immune priming of Galleria mellonella larvae with Bacillus thuringiensis affects coagulation and phenoloxidase activity upon subsequent infection","volume":"16","author":"Su\u0142ek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invertebrate Surviv J"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1358247"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-025-00818-2"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1321455"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-146-11-2743"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1750810"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.09.007"},{"key":"R41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071669"},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70042"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01538-21"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8100990"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0538-8"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009470"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00698-22"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01034"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103666"},{"key":"R50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00822-21"},{"key":"R51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010192"},{"key":"R52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000040"},{"key":"R53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00074-23"},{"key":"R54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00164"},{"key":"R55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.82"},{"key":"R56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2693-2700.2000"},{"key":"R57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1136-1144.2004"},{"key":"R58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki088"},{"key":"R59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64761-3"},{"key":"R60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113249"},{"key":"R61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00467-24"},{"key":"R62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12374"},{"key":"R63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2020.100042"},{"key":"R64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004050"},{"key":"R65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.893494"}],"container-title":["Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.001565?crawler=true&mimetype=application\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:16:32Z","timestamp":1749741392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/micro\/10.1099\/mic.0.001565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.001565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-0872","1465-2080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-0872","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-2080","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}